scholarly journals World Settlement Footprint 3D - A first three-dimensional survey of the global building stock

2022 ◽  
Vol 270 ◽  
pp. 112877
Author(s):  
Thomas Esch ◽  
Elisabeth Brzoska ◽  
Stefan Dech ◽  
Benjamin Leutner ◽  
Daniela Palacios-Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Building Stock

scholarly journals 3DStock: A new kind of three-dimensional model of the building stock of England and Wales, for use in energy analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Evans ◽  
Rob Liddiard ◽  
Philip Steadman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
New Type ◽  
Gas Consumption

This article describes the development of a new three-dimensional model of the British building stock, called ‘3DStock’. The model differs from other 3D urban and stock models, in that it represents explicitly and in detail the spatial relationships between ‘premises’ and ‘buildings’. It also represents the pattern of activities on different floors within buildings. The geometrical/geographical structure of the model is assembled automatically from two existing national data sets. Additional data from other sources including figures for electricity and gas consumption are then attached. Some sample results are given for energy use intensities. The first purpose of the model is in the analysis of energy use in the building stock. With actual energy data for very large numbers of premises, it is possible to take a completely new type of statistical approach, in which consumption can be related to a range of characteristics including activity, built form, construction and materials. Models have been built to date of the London Borough of Camden and the cities of Leicester, Tamworth and Swindon. Work is in progress to extend the modelling to other parts of Britain. Because of the coverage of the data, this will be limited however to England and Wales.

scholarly journals Parametric Point Cloud Slicing for Facade Retrofitting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Gámez Bohórquez ◽  
William Derigent ◽  
Hind Bril El Haouzi
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Point Cloud ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Parametric Modelling ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
File Formats ◽  
Modelling Environment

Current commitments by European governments seek to improve energy consumption as a means to reduce carbon emissions from building stock by 2050. Within such context, retrieving reliable three-dimensional contours from point clouds becomes an important step in developing facade retrofitting solutions since facade retrofitting projects often make use of as-built 3D models to help reduce inaccuracies by narrowing interpretation and measurement errors. This work aims to provide a method that uses topology-based parametric modelling for reconstructing building envelopes from point clouds. Through a semi-automated process that gives permanent visual feedback, the user adjusts parameters to custom standards of acceptability. A solution under the form of a Grasshopper definition delivers building envelope 3D contours in various file formats as a means for increasing interoperability. The main contributions of this work consist of a parametric reconstruction workflow capable of solving building topology for retrieving 3D contours, a strategy to bypass point cloud occlusion, and a strategy for converting those contours into an IFC model directly from the parametric modelling environment.

Evaluation of a Gravity Load Designed Reinforced Concrete Structure Failed under its Own Weight due to Creep in Concrete

2013 ◽  
Vol 747 ◽  
pp. 441-444
Author(s):  
Mevlut Yasar Kaltakci ◽  
Hasan Husnu Korkmaz ◽  
Mehmet Kamanli ◽  
Murat Ozturk ◽  
Musa Hakan Arslan
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Structure ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Gravity Load ◽  
Moment Resisting ◽  
The One ◽  
Recent Earthquakes

Turkish building stock is commonly composed of reinforced concrete moment resisting frames. Recent earthquakes in Turkey resulted thousands of failed or heavily damaged residential houses and office buildings. In addition of the earthquake failures, reinforced concrete structures may also failed only under their own weight. There are several examples such as Hicret Apartment in Diyarbakir (1983), Zumrut Apartment in Konya, in central Anatolia, Huzur Apartment in Istanbul (2007). On February 2nd, 2004 a 9-story reinforced concrete building in Konya (Zumrut Apartment) collapsed leaving 92 people dead. The first author of the paper was governmentally charged about the investigation of the failure causes. Carrot samples were taken from the concrete columns and steel samples were obtained from the disaster area. The dimensions of the structural members were determined. The structure was modeled in three dimensional space and vertical collapse analyses were conducted. The one of the main cause of failure was determined as the creep of the concrete occurred in excessively loaded columns. The main reasons of the damages and failures were determined to be the insufficiency in material quality, mistakes made in load selection and the inappropriate load-carrying dimensions. The construction mistakes and not obeying the design drawings are the other flaws. In this paper detailed information about the structure, creep analyses and vertical collapse analyze results were depicted in understandable format.

The orbit of Pluto over a long interval of time

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 227-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Orbit ◽  
Numerical Integration ◽  
Restricted Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Third ◽  
Circular Restricted Problem ◽  
Resonance Relation

The paper presents a summary of the results obtained by C. J. Cohen and E. C. Hubbard, who established by numerical integration that a resonance relation exists between the orbits of Neptune and Pluto. The problem may be explored further by approximating the motion of Pluto by that of a particle with negligible mass in the three-dimensional (circular) restricted problem. The mass of Pluto and the eccentricity of Neptune's orbit are ignored in this approximation. Significant features of the problem appear to be the presence of two critical arguments and the possibility that the orbit may be related to a periodic orbit of the third kind.

Conformation of Ribosomes from Escherichia Coli

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
M. Boublik ◽  
W. Hellmann ◽  
F. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
And Function

The present knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of ribosomes is far too limited to enable a complete understanding of the various roles which ribosomes play in protein biosynthesis. The spatial arrangement of proteins and ribonuclec acids in ribosomes can be analysed in many ways. Determination of binding sites for individual proteins on ribonuclec acid and locations of the mutual positions of proteins on the ribosome using labeling with fluorescent dyes, cross-linking reagents, neutron-diffraction or antibodies against ribosomal proteins seem to be most successful approaches. Structure and function of ribosomes can be correlated be depleting the complete ribosomes of some proteins to the functionally inactive core and by subsequent partial reconstitution in order to regain active ribosomal particles.

Ultrastructural Investigations of the Contractile Filaments of Amoebae

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 188-189
Author(s):  
P.L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Amoeboid Movement ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Complete Interpretation

Previous freeze fracture results on the intact giant, amoeba Chaos carolinensis indicated the presence of a fibrillar arrangement of filaments within the cytoplasm. A complete interpretation of the three dimensional ultrastructure of these structures, and their possible role in amoeboid movement was not possible, since comparable results could not be obtained with conventional fixation of intact amoebae. Progress in interpreting the freeze fracture images of amoebae required a more thorough understanding of the different types of filaments present in amoebae, and of the ways in which they could be organized while remaining functional.The recent development of a calcium sensitive, demembranated, amoeboid model of Chaos carolinensis has made it possible to achieve a better understanding of such functional arrangements of amoeboid filaments. In these models the motility of demembranated cytoplasm can be controlled in vitro, and the chemical conditions necessary for contractility, and cytoplasmic streaming can be investigated. It is clear from these studies that “fibrils” exist in amoeboid models, and that they are capable of contracting along their length under conditions similar to those which cause contraction in vertebrate muscles.

Structural organization of escherichia coli ribosomes as determined by immuno electron microscopy

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Stöffler ◽  
R.W. Bald ◽  
J. Dieckhoff ◽  
H. Eckhard ◽  
R. Lührmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Antibody Binding ◽  
Immuno Electron Microscopy

A central step towards an understanding of the structure and function of the Escherichia coli ribosome, a large multicomponent assembly, is the elucidation of the spatial arrangement of its 54 proteins and its three rRNA molecules. The structural organization of ribosomal components has been investigated by a number of experimental approaches. Specific antibodies directed against each of the 54 ribosomal proteins of Escherichia coli have been performed to examine antibody-subunit complexes by electron microscopy. The position of the bound antibody, specific for a particular protein, can be determined; it indicates the location of the corresponding protein on the ribosomal surface.The three-dimensional distribution of each of the 21 small subunit proteins on the ribosomal surface has been determined by immuno electron microscopy: the 21 proteins have been found exposed with altogether 43 antibody binding sites. Each one of 12 proteins showed antibody binding at remote positions on the subunit surface, indicating highly extended conformations of the proteins concerned within the 30S ribosomal subunit; the remaining proteins are, however, not necessarily globular in shape (Fig. 1).

Ribosome Structural Organization

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 332-333
Author(s):  
James A. Lake
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
X Ray ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Complete Sequences

The understanding of ribosome structure has advanced considerably in the last several years. Biochemists have characterized the constituent proteins and rRNA's of ribosomes. Complete sequences have been determined for some ribosomal proteins and specific antibodies have been prepared against all E. coli small subunit proteins. In addition, a number of naturally occuring systems of three dimensional ribosome crystals which are suitable for structural studies have been observed in eukaryotes. Although the crystals are, in general, too small for X-ray diffraction, their size is ideal for electron microscopy.

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