Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams Subjected to Concentrated Loads

Renovation, restoration, remodeling, refurbishment, and retrofitting of build-ings often imply modifying the behavior of the structural system. Modification sometimes includes applying forces (i.e., concentrated loads) to beams that before were subjected to distributed loads only. For a reinforced concrete structure, the new condition causes a beam to bear a concentrated load with the crack pattern that was produced by the distributed loads that acted in the past. If the concentrated load is applied at or near the beam’s midspan, the new shear demand reaches the maximum around the midspan. But around the midspan, the cracks are vertical or quasi-vertical, and no inclined bar is present. So, the actual shear capacity around the midspan not only is low, but also can be substantially lower than the new demand. In order to bring the beam capacity up to the demand, fiber-reinforced-polymer composites can be used. This paper presents a design method to increase the concentrated load-carrying capacity of reinforced concrete beams whose load distribution has to be changed from distributed to concentrated, and an analytical model to pre-dict the concentrated load-carrying capacity of a beam in the strengthened state.

Finite Element Analysis on Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with CFRP

Reinforced concrete structure is widely used in building structure because of its unique physical and mechanic properties, but with the increase of service life, there will be different degrees of damage in the structures. In this paper, combined with the test beam, a model of reinforced concrete beam strengthened with CFRP is established by Using ANSYS finite element software, nonlinear finite element analysis is carried out on the whole process of yield, cracking and destruction of the test beam under secondary load, while different working states of CFRP sheets were simulated by the life and death unit. The results show that the bending performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with CFRP can be predicted by selecting the finite element analysis model rationally.

EFFECTS OF SHEAR WALLS ON A TYPICAL FOUR-STORY REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE SUBJECTED TO SEVERE EARTHQUAKE EVENTS

Various seismic-resistant design methods are used to ensure the stability of multi-story buildings against lateral forces caused by earthquakes. Utilization of reinforced concrete shear walls is one of the most reliable methods of design and construction of earthquake-resistant buildings because it increases structural resistance to lateral loads and stiffens and strengthens the structure, thereby minimizing earthquake-induced damages. This paper investigates the beneficial effects of using shear walls in the structural design of a typical low-rise building to improve its resistance to earthquake events. To this end, a four-story reinforced concrete structure is modeled first without shear walls, then with the addition to shear walls. The 2002 Denali Alaska earthquake is used as an example of a severe seismic excitation because it is considered the most massive strike-slip earthquake in North America in almost 150 year. SAP2000 is used to perform the dynamic analysis. In order to obtain an accurate representation of the structure’s behavior, response modal nonlinear time-history dynamic analysis is utilized to analyze and compare the response of the building with and without shear walls. Study results showed that shear walls are very effective in achieving compliance with seismic design codes. In addition, the use of shear walls significantly reduces the shear stresses, bending moments, and displacements of the various members of the structure.

Influence of the Shear Cap Size and Stiffness on the Distribution of Shear Forces in Flat Slabs

The scope of this paper is to investigate analytically and numerically the influence of shear cap size and stiffness on the distribution of shear forces in flat slabs in a slab–column-connections-reinforced concrete structure. The effect of support (shear cap) stiffness on the calculation of the length of the shear control perimeter according to the available methods is presented. Based on the analysis, the authors indicate in what range of support stiffness the corner concentrations become important in the calculation of the punching resistance. For shear caps with high flexibility (α1 ≤ 0.5), the concentration of internal forces in the corners does not occur. The authors compare the numerical results obtained from the calculation methods and indicate the correlations, which can be useful guidance for structural designers. In the case of large shear caps, the simplified MC2010 method gives a significantly lower value of the effective control perimeter length compared to more accurate methods. This paper is intended to provide scientists, civil engineers, and designers with guidelines on which factors influence punching shear load capacity of the slab–column connections with shear caps.

Optimization of a reinforced concrete structure subjected to dynamic wind action

This work proposes a methodology to optimize a reinforced concrete structure. For this, the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) algorithm was used, an algorithm from the group of metaheuristic algorithms, which presents an easy computational implementation. As a study object, a frame structure adapted from a real reinforced concrete building was used, subjected to the dynamic action of artificially generated synoptic wind. The objective function is to reduce the volume of concrete of the structure. For that, the dimensions of the cross-sections were used as design variables, and the maximum displacement at the top imposed by the ASCE / SEI 7-10 standard as a lateral constraint, as well as the maximum story drift between floors. In addition to this structural optimization, it was also proposed the use and optimization of Tuned Mass Dampers (TMD), in different quantities, positions and parameters, improving the dynamic response of the reinforced concrete building. The results show that for this situation it was possible to reduce the concrete volume of the structure by approximately 24%, respecting the maximum limit of displacement at the top required by the standard.

Detection of Building Response Changes Using Deconvolution Interferometry: A Case Study in Bogota, Colombia

Seismic structural health monitoring allows for the continuous evaluation of engineering structures by monitoring changes in the structural response that can potentially localize associated damage that has occurred. For the first time in Colombia, a permanent and continuous monitoring network has been deployed in a 14-story ecofriendly steel-frame building combined with a reinforced concrete structure in downtown Bogota. The six three-component ETNA-2 accelerometers recorded continuously for 225 days between July 2019 and February 2020. We use deconvolution-based seismic interferometry to calculate the impulse response function (IRF) using earthquake and ambient-vibration data and a stretching technique to estimate velocity variations before and after the Ml 6.0 Mesetas earthquake and its aftershock sequence. A consistent and probably permanent velocity variation (2% reduction) is detected for the building using ambient-vibration data. In contrast, a 10% velocity reduction is observed just after the mainshock using earthquake-based IRFs showing a quick recovery to about 2%. A combination of both earthquake-based and ambient-vibration-based deconvolution interferometry provides a more complete picture of the state of health of engineering structures.

A nonlinear concrete damaged plasticity model for simulation reinforced concrete structures using ABAQUS

The reinforced concrete structure is typical and widely used in many fields. The behavior of concrete is nonlinear and complex. Especially, when cracks/crushings occurred in softening phase. Thus, It is important to find a damaged model of concrete with high reliability in the numerical simulation. The nonlinear behavior of concrete is the most feature used in the simulation. This characteristic is expressed through the parameters defining the yield surface, the flow potential, and the nonlinear relationship of stress-strain in the cases of tension and compression. This paper introduces a damaged concrete model that applies to the simulation of reinforced concrete structures. The reinforced concrete beam and flat slab are selected as examples to evaluate the reliability of the model presented. Through the results achieved, the model used in this paper shows high reliability and can be used to simulate more complex reinforced concrete structures.