Abstract
The toxic metals, including metalloids, in the freshwater ecosystem are largely associated with surficial sediments and suspended particulate materials. These metals are in dynamic equilibrium with interstitial water and the overlying water column. The bioavailability and toxicity of metals in the freshwater environment are influenced by their speciation and dynamics. Our current understanding of the nature of metal partitioning in particulate materials, interstitial water and the overlying water column is quite limited because of the limitations of the metal fractionation methods and difficulties in obtaining thermodynamic information which approaches the realities in streams, rivers and lakes. Little is known about the in situ metal dynamics. Kinetic studies of metal reactions, thus, warrant in-depth research for years to come. Besides inorganic and organic colloids, microbes contribute to metal transformations. The impact of the interactions of microbes with minerals and organic components on the dynamics and biotoxicity of metals merits attention. Over the last decade, there has been much research on the development of hydrochemical models for better understanding and predicting metal transport in the freshwater system, yet little research has been focused on how well they describe field data. The supply of biologically available metals in the freshwater environment is governed by a series of physical, physicochemical, biochemical and biological processes. To date, there are very few studies on the subject in which an integrated approach has been taken. The roles of these interacting processes in affecting metal dynamics and their impacts on freshwater toxicology deserve increasing attention.
Peru upwelling plankton respiration: calculations of carbon flux, nutrient retention efficiency and heterotrophic energy production