Epidemiology and clinical features of sleep disorders in extrapyramidal disease

Sleep problems can cause or exacerbate neuropsychiatric disease, influence the course of its treatment, or serve as a diagnostic signpost for a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. For instance, depressive episodes are frequently preceded by insomnia, while dream enactment behaviour may be an indicator of a neurodegenerative disorder. This chapter focuses on a number of sleep disorders, from insomnia and various hypersomnias to circadian sleep disorders, exploring their clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment. It begins by delineating the two main types of sleep—rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM)—along with their stages, before moving on to the examination of specific disorders. Finally, neuropsychiatric conditions, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, are discussed, relating the way they present themselves through sleep problems.

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Neuroimaging of Narcolepsy and Primary Hypersomnias

The Neuroscientist ◽

10.1177/1073858420905829 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 310-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Carlo Cavaliere ◽

Mariachiara Longarzo ◽

Stuart Fogel ◽

Maria Engström ◽

Andrea Soddu

Keyword(s):

Sleep Disorders ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Potential Role ◽

Neural Basis ◽

Subjective Assessments ◽

Sleep Physiology ◽

Idiopathic Hypersomnia ◽

Insight Into

Advances in neuroimaging open up the possibility for new powerful tools to be developed that potentially can be applied to clinical populations to improve the diagnosis of neurological disorders, including sleep disorders. At present, the diagnosis of narcolepsy and primary hypersomnias is largely limited to subjective assessments and objective measurements of behavior and sleep physiology. In this review, we focus on recent neuroimaging findings that provide insight into the neural basis of narcolepsy and the primary hypersomnias Kleine-Levin syndrome and idiopathic hypersomnia. We describe the role of neuroimaging in confirming previous genetic, neurochemical, and neurophysiological findings and highlight studies that permit a greater understanding of the symptoms of these sleep disorders. We conclude by considering some of the remaining challenges to overcome, the existing knowledge gaps, and the potential role for neuroimaging in understanding the pathogenesis and clinical features of narcolepsy and primary hypersomnias.

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Circadian-Rhythm Sleep Disorders in Persons who are Totally Blind

Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness ◽

10.1177/0145482x9809200303 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 92 (3) ◽

pp. 145-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R.L. Sack ◽

M.L. Blood ◽

R.J. Hughes ◽

A.J. Lewy

Keyword(s):

Circadian Rhythm ◽

Sleep Disorders ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Cyclic Form ◽

Medical Terminology ◽

Biological Basis ◽

Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders ◽

Internal Body

People who are totally blind are prone to a cyclic form of insomnia, designated in medical terminology as non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome. It is caused by a lack of synchrony between the internal body clock and the daily sleep-wake schedule. This article describes the clinical features and biological basis of the disorder and discusses the implications for its management and treatment.

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Sleep disorders

10.1093/med/9780199664368.003.0014 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Sathiji Nageshwaran ◽

Heather C Wilson ◽

Anthony Dickenson ◽

David Ledingham

Keyword(s):

Circadian Rhythm ◽

Sleep Disorders ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Rem Sleep ◽

Behavioural Disorder ◽

Periodic Limb Movements ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Limb Movements ◽

Drug Management ◽

Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders

This chapter discusses the classification, clinical features, and evidence-based drug management of sleep disorders (insomnia, narcolepsy, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, parasomnias, REM sleep behavioural disorder, periodic limb movements of sleep).

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