An observational study of sleep characteristics in elite endurance athletes during an altitude training camp at 1800 m

Purpose: The authors investigated the effects of sex, energy availability (EA), and health status on the change in hemoglobin mass (ΔHbmass) in elite endurance athletes over ∼3–4 wk of live-high–train-high altitude training in Flagstaff, AZ (2135 m; n = 27 women; n = 21 men; 27% 2016 Olympians). Methods: Precamp and postcamp Hbmass (optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing method) and iron status were measured, EA was estimated via food and training logs, and a Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAFQ) and a general injury/illness questionnaire were completed. Hypoxic exposure (h) was calculated with low (<500 h), moderate (500–600 h), and high (>600 h) groupings. Results: Absolute and relative percentage ΔHbmass was significantly greater in women (6.2% [4.0%], P < .001) than men (3.2% [3.3%], P = .008). %ΔHbmass showed a dose–response with hypoxic exposure (3.1% [3.8%] vs 4.9% [3.8%] vs 6.8% [3.7%], P = .013). Hbmasspre was significantly higher in eumenorrheic vs amenorrheic women (12.2 [1.0] vs 11.3 [0.5] g/kg, P = .004). Although statistically underpowered, %ΔHbmass was significantly less in sick (n = 4, −0.5% [0.4%]) vs healthy (n = 44, 5.4% [3.8%], P < .001) athletes. There were no significant correlations between self-reported iron intake, sex hormones, or EA on Hbmass outcomes. However, there was a trend for a negative correlation between LEAFQ score and %ΔHbmass (r = −.353, P = .07). Conclusions: The findings confirm the importance of baseline Hbmass and exposure to hypoxia on increases in Hbmass during altitude training, while emphasizing the importance of athlete health and indices of EA on an optimal baseline Hbmass and hematological response to hypoxia.

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Cycling Economy Following a 3-wk Natural Altitude Training Camp (~2700) in Nationally Competitive Cyclists

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000322201.66475.79 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 40 (Supplement) ◽

pp. S169-S170

Author(s):

David T. Martin ◽

Marc Quod ◽

Laura A. Garvican ◽

Naroa Etxebarria ◽

Brian Stephens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Altitude Training ◽

Training Camp ◽

Competitive Cyclists

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Influence of a concurrent strength and endurance training intervention on running performance in adolescent endurance athletes: An observational study

Journal of Human Sport and Exercise ◽

10.14198/jhse.2018.134.12 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Thomas W. Jones ◽

Barry C. Shillabeer ◽

Joong Hyun Ryu ◽

Marco Cardinale

Keyword(s):

Observational Study ◽

Endurance Training ◽

Endurance Athletes ◽

Training Intervention ◽

Running Performance

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Individual hemoglobin mass response to normobaric and hypobaric “live high–train low”: A one-year crossover study

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00932.2016 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 123 (2) ◽

pp. 387-393 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Anna Hauser ◽

Severin Troesch ◽

Jonas J. Saugy ◽

Laurent Schmitt ◽

Roberto Cejuela-Anta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crossover Design ◽

Normobaric Hypoxia ◽

Altitude Training ◽

Technical Noise ◽

Training Camp ◽

Hemoglobin Mass ◽

One Year ◽

The Individual ◽

Individual Responsiveness ◽

Rebreathing Method

The purpose of this research was to compare individual hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) changes following a live high-train low (LHTL) altitude training camp under either normobaric hypoxia (NH) or hypobaric hypoxia (HH) conditions in endurance athletes. In a crossover design with a one-year washout, 15 male triathletes randomly performed two 18-day LHTL training camps in either HH or NH. All athletes slept at 2,250 meters and trained at altitudes <1,200 meters. Hbmass was measured in duplicate with the optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing method before (pre) and immediately after (post) each 18-day training camp. Hbmass increased similarly in HH (916–957 g, 4.5 ± 2.2%, P < 0.001) and in NH (918–953 g, 3.8 ± 2.6%, P < 0.001). Hbmass changes did not differ between HH and NH ( P = 0.42). There was substantial interindividual variability among subjects to both interventions (i.e., individual responsiveness or the individual variation in the response to an intervention free of technical noise): 0.9% in HH and 1.7% in NH. However, a correlation between intraindividual ΔHbmass changes (%) in HH and in NH ( r = 0.52, P = 0.048) was observed. HH and NH evoked similar mean Hbmass increases following LHTL. Among the mean Hbmass changes, there was a notable variation in individual Hbmass response that tended to be reproducible. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to compare individual hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) response to normobaric and hypobaric live high-train low using a same-subject crossover design. The main findings indicate that hypobaric and normobaric hypoxia evoked a similar mean increase in Hbmass following 18 days of live high-train low. Notable variability and reproducibility in individual Hbmass responses between athletes was observed, indicating the importance of evaluating individual Hbmass response to altitude training.

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Hypoxic training from the athlete´s biological passport point of view

Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology ◽

10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-49 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Martin Pupiš ◽

Vladimír Franek ◽

Zuzana Pupišová

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Body Height ◽

Point Of View ◽

Endurance Athletes ◽

Haematological Parameters ◽

Altitude Training ◽

Long Distance ◽

Intermittent Hypoxic Training ◽

Hypoxic Training ◽

Biological Passport

Purpose: Hypoxic training is frequent part of preparation of endurance athletes, but in the last years there are many polemics about effects of hypoxic training on the haemato-logical parameters analysing in athlete´s biological passport. The aim of the research was to detect the effect of three different methods of hypoxic training (high altitude training, intermittent hypoxic training, sleeping in hypoxic tent) on haematological parameters which are analysing in athlete´s biological passport. Methods: Three types of hypoxic preparation were compared. The ensemble contained of 7 long-distance men race walkers (age 27.4 years (SD ± 3.6); body height 177.0 cm (SD ± 8.1); body weight 63.1 kg (SD ± 5.3). Results: We detected statistical significant increase in haemoglobin level about 12.57 g.l-1 (p 0.05), the decrease of off-score after sleeping in hypoxic tent was about 1.8 (p > 0.05) and the decrease of off-score by intermittent hypoxic training was about 5.46 (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Participation of hypoxic preparation can significantly influence parameters in athlete biological passport. According results of our research, we assume that all methods of hypoxic training can affect haematological parameters analysing in athlete´s biological passport (haemoglobin, reticulocytes).

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Influence of Altitude Training on Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Japanese Collegiate Swimmers

International Journal of Sport Exercise and Health Research ◽

10.31254/sportmed.3104 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 14-18

Author(s):

Koichi Watanabe ◽

◽

Subrina Jesmin ◽

Tsuyoshi Takeda ◽

Takahisa Shiraki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ◽

Brain Natriuretic Peptide ◽

Natriuretic Peptide ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Altitude Training ◽

Hypoxic Stress ◽

Swimming Training ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Training Camp ◽

Atrial Natriuretic

Objective and method: To examine the effect of altitude swimming training on BNP (Brain natriuretic peptide) and ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) levels, and evaluate if BNP and ANP can be hemodynamic markers of hypoxia- and traininginduced stress, Ten collegiate swimmers (Tr) who participated in the altitude training camp at 1900m and 5 healthy subjects (Con) were participated in this study. Blood samples were obtained before the training (day0: Pre), during the training (day5: T1, 10: T2, 16: T3), and after the training (5th after descent: Post). Results: Chronologically, BNP of Tr decreased immediately after ascent and increased thereafter, however the changes were not significant. ANP levels were almost unchanged in Tr, whereas there was an increase at T1 in Con compared with Tr (P<0.05). BNP/ANP ratio was significantly higher in Tr (P<0.05) than Con at T3. The results of our study indicate that swimming training at an altitude of 1900m may influence ANP and BNP in the different way, and the stimuli of training is dominant to the hypoxic stress. Conclusion: Our results suggest that we can evaluate the training and hypoxic stress based on natriuretic peptide levels, and predict the hemodynamics or dehydration state by monitoring the natriuretic peptide levels during altitude training

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Physiological aspects of altitude training and the use of altitude simulators

Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo ◽

10.2298/sarh0506307r ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 133 (5-6) ◽

pp. 307-311

Author(s):

Goran Rankovic ◽

Dragan Radovanovic

Keyword(s):

High Altitude ◽

Sea Level ◽

Training Stimulus ◽

Endurance Athletes ◽

Altitude Training ◽

Moderate Altitude ◽

Improve Performance ◽

Hypoxic Conditions ◽

Training Programmes ◽

Training Modalities

Altitude training in various forms is widely practiced by athletes and coaches in an attempt to improve sea level endurance. Training at high altitude may improve performance at sea level through altitude acclimatization, which improves oxygen transport and/or utilization, or through hypoxia, which intensifies the training stimulus. This basic physiological aspect allows three training modalities: live high and train high (classic high-altitude training), live low and train high (training through hypoxia), and live high and train low (the new trend). In an effort to reduce the financial and logistical challenges of traveling to high-altitude training sites, scientists and manufactures have developed artificial high-altitude environments, which simulate the hypoxic conditions of moderate altitude (2000-3000 meters). Endurance athletes from many sports have recently started using nitrogen environments, or hypoxic rooms and tents as part of their altitude training programmes. The results of controlled studies on these modalities of high-altitude training, their practical approach, and ethics are summarized.

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The Use of a Smartphone Application in Monitoring HRV during an Altitude Training Camp in Professional Female Cyclists: A Preliminary Study

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21165497 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (16) ◽

pp. 5497

Author(s):

Alejandro Javaloyes ◽

Manuel Mateo-March ◽

Agustín Manresa-Rocamora ◽

Santiago Sanz-Quinto ◽

Manuel Moya-Ramón

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Smartphone Application ◽

Individual Response ◽

Altitude Training ◽

Training Volume ◽

Training Camp ◽

Common Strategy ◽

Preliminary Study ◽

The Individual

Altitude training is a common strategy to improve performance in endurance athletes. In this context, the monitoring of training and the athletes’ response is essential to ensure positive adaptations. Heart rate variability (HRV) has been proposed as a tool to evaluate stress and the response to training. In this regard, many smartphone applications have emerged allowing a wide access to recording HRV easily. The purpose of this study was to describe the changes of HRV using a validated smartphone application before (Pre-TC), during (TC), and after (Post-TC) an altitude training camp in female professional cyclists. Training load (TL) and vagal markers of heart rate variability (LnRMSSD, LnRMSSDcv) of seven professional female cyclists before, during, and after and altitude training camp were monitored. Training volume (SMD = 0.80), LnRMSSD (SMD = 1.06), and LnRMSSDcv (SMD = −0.98) showed moderate changes from Pre-TC to TC. Training volume (SMD = 0.74), TL (SMD = 0.75), LnRMSSD (SMD = −1.11) and LnRMSSDcv (SMD = 0.83) showed moderate changes from TC to Post-TC. Individual analysis showed that heart rate variability responded differently among subjects. The use of a smartphone application to measure HRV is a useful tool to evaluate the individual response to training in female cyclists.

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