The influences of operating voltage and cell gap on the performance of a solution-phase electrochromic device containing HV and TMPD

Recently, low voltage (≤5kV) scanning electron microscopes have become popular because of their unprecedented advantages, such as minimized charging effects and smaller specimen damage, etc. Perhaps the most important advantage of LVSEM is that they may be able to provide ultrahigh resolution since the interaction volume decreases when electron energy is reduced. It is obvious that no matter how low the operating voltage is, the resolution is always poorer than the probe radius. To achieve 10Å resolution at 5kV (including non-local effects), we would require a probe radius of 5∽6 Å. At low voltages, we can no longer ignore the effects of chromatic aberration because of the increased ratio δV/V. The 3rd order spherical aberration is another major limiting factor. The optimized aperture should be calculated as

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Transition alpha structure in beta-isomorphous Nb-Hf alloys

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100126068 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 232-233

Author(s):

R.W. Carpenter ◽

Changhai Li ◽

David J. Smith

Keyword(s):

Solid Solution ◽

Solution Phase ◽

Miscibility Gap ◽

Large Strains ◽

Solid Solution Phase ◽

Two Phase ◽

Diffuse Intensity ◽

Metastable Form ◽

The Matrix ◽

Equilibrium Morphology

Binary Nb-Hf alloys exhibit a wide bcc solid solution phase field at temperatures above the Hfα→ß transition (2023K) and a two phase bcc+hcp field at lower temperatures. The β solvus exhibits a small slope above about 1500K, suggesting the possible existence of a miscibility gap. An earlier investigation showed that two morphological forms of precipitate occur during the bcc→hcp transformation. The equilibrium morphology is rod-type with axes along <113> bcc. The crystallographic habit of the rod precipitate follows the Burgers relations: {110}||{0001}, <112> || <1010>. The earlier metastable form, transition α, occurs as thin discs with {100} habit. The {100} discs induce large strains in the matrix. Selected area diffraction examination of regions ∼2 microns in diameter containing many disc precipitates showed that, a diffuse intensity distribution whose symmetry resembled the distribution of equilibrium α Bragg spots was associated with the disc precipitate.

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Alkane upgrading effected by silica-supported pincer-iridium catalysts: Evidence of a shared active site with solution-phase species

10.1021/scimeetings.0c06766 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alan Goldman ◽

Boris Sheludko ◽

Fuat Celik ◽

Cristina Castro

Keyword(s):

Active Site ◽

Solution Phase ◽

Iridium Catalysts

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Preparation, Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of the Electrochromic Thin Films

Nonlinear Analysis Modelling and Control ◽

10.15388/na.2004.9.4.15150 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 363-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. Lukaszewicz ◽

A. Ravinski ◽

I. Makoed

Keyword(s):

Electrochromic Device ◽

Orbital Method ◽

Optical Parameters ◽

Full Potential ◽

Electrochromic Devices ◽

Energy Bands ◽

Conducting Film ◽

Recombination Probability ◽

Transparent Conducting ◽

Smoluchowski Equations

A new multilayer electrochromic device has been constructed according to the following pattern: glass1/ITO/WO3/gel electrolyte/BP/ITO/glass2, where ITO is a transparent conducting film made of indium and tin oxide and with the surface resistance equal 8–10 Ω/cm2 . The electrochromic devices obtained in the research are characterized by great (considerable) transmittance variation between coloration and bleaching state (25–40% at applied voltage of 1.5 to 3 V), and also high coloration efficiency (above 100 cm2 /C). Selfconsistent energy bands, dielectric permittivity and optical parameters are calculated using a full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital method. The numerical solution of the Debye-Smoluchowski equations is developed for simulating recombination probability of Li+ ions in amorphous electrolyte.

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