Characteristics and significance of “green snake” bites in Myanmar, especially by the pit vipers Trimeresurus albolabris and Trimeresurus erythrurus

Toxicon ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 203 ◽  
pp. 66-73
Author(s):  
Myat Myat Thein ◽  
Caitlyn A. Rogers ◽  
Julian White ◽  
Mohammad Afzal Mahmood ◽  
Scott A. Weinstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Snake Bites

Evaluation of Snake Venom’s PhospholipaseA2 Enzyme Inhibition Activity of Cyphostemma adenocoule

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-202
Author(s):  
Atul Kaushik ◽  
Teamrat S. Tesfai ◽  
Daniel K. Barkh ◽  
Furtuna K. Ghebremeskel ◽  
Habtom G. Zerihun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Inhibition ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Inhibition Activity ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Snake Bites ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Background: A snake bite is fundamentally an injury often resulting in puncture wounds meted out by the animal's fangs and occasionally resulting in envenomation. Rate of snake bites around 5,400,000 bites per year leads to over 2,500,000 envenomings and around 125,000 fatal cases annually. Snake venom enzymes are rich in metalloproteinases, phospholipaseA2, proteinases, acetylcholinesterases and hyaluronidases. Objective: Cyphostemma adenocoule is traditionally being used for the treatment of snake bites in Eritrea. The present research was aimed at evaluating the snake venom enzyme inhibition activity of C. adenocoule against puff adder venom and developing a base for the traditional use of the plant against snakebites in Eritrea. Methods: The anti-venom activity of C. adenocoule was assessed in-vitro through phospholipaseA2 enzyme inhibition assay using egg yolk as a cell. The ethanol and chloroform extracts of C. adenocoule showed in vitro anti phospholipase A2 activity, whereas the water extracts of the plant showed no activity. Results: Among the extracts of C. adenocoule, the highest percentage of inhibition was obtained from chloroform extract (95.55% at 100mg/ml). The extract showed prominent activity at different concentrations (34.7% at10mg/ml, 48.8% at 20mg/ml, 54.8% at 40mg/ml, 60.9% at 60mg/ml, 80.5% at 80mg /ml). The ethanol extract also showed certain activity at various concentrations (25.22% at10mg/ml, 14.78% at 20mg/ml, 2.6% at40mg/ml). The activity of the chloroform extracts increases as concentration increases, whereas the activity of the ethanol extracts decreases as concentration increases. The aqueous extract of C. adenocoule did not show any activity at all concentrations. Conclusion: In this study, the chloroform and ethanol extracts of the plant inhibited the enzyme of interest and thus proved the efficacy of anti-snake venom activity of the plant.

scholarly journals The Treatment of Snake Bites in a First Aid Setting: A Systematic Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e0005079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert Avau ◽  
Vere Borra ◽  
Philippe Vandekerckhove ◽  
Emmy De Buck
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Snake Bites

Snake Bites

2012 ◽  
pp. 2077-2085
Author(s):  
John Kashani ◽  
Richard D. Shih ◽  
Thomas H. Cogbill ◽  
David H. Jang ◽  
Lewis S. Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Snake Bites

(274) Phospholipase A2 of Macrovipera lebetina obtusa venom as a main target to relief pain after snake bites

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. S44
Author(s):  
M. Hovhannisyan ◽  
A. Voskanyan ◽  
V. Bezuglov ◽  
H. Vardapetyan ◽  
H. Koshatashyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phospholipase A2 ◽  
Snake Bites ◽  
Main Target ◽  
Macrovipera Lebetina Obtusa

scholarly journals Renal Failure from Snake Bites

1980 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 319-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.S. Chugh ◽  
V. Sakhuja
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Snake Bites

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF RASA PANCHAKA (5 AYURVEDIC PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ACTION) OF A FOLK DRUG - Alstonia venenata R. Br.

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 4125-4132
Author(s):  
Anusha P R ◽  
Chandrakanth Bhat ◽  
Hariprasad Shetty ◽  
Sudhakar Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Stem Bark ◽  
Drug Action ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Test Drug ◽  
Herbal Drug ◽  
Small Tree ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Snake Bites ◽  
Trial Drug

Background and Objective: Systematic study of the folklore knowledge on herbal drug contributes to its conservation and preservation. Documentation of drugs in Ayurveda is based on the five principles called Rasa Panchaka (5 Ayurvedic principles of drug action). Alstonia venenata R. Br is a small tree belonging to Apocynaceae family. Its stem bark is used by tribes in fever, epilepsy and as anti-venom in snake bites. The aim of this study is to determine the Rasa Panchaka (5 Ayurvedic principles of drug action) of Al-stonia venenata R. Br. Methods: Detailed review of the trial drug was carried out. Rasa (taste) was determined by using direct per-ception method on 30 healthy volunteers. Veerya (potency) was determined by assessing the exothermic and endothermic reaction of the drug in water. Vipaka (taste after digestion), Guna (properties) and Prab-hava (specific action) were assessed by experimental study of the drug on 12 Wister Albino rats. Result and Conclusion: After the study Rasa panchaka (5 Ayurvedic principles of drug action) of the test drug was accessed as Tikta (bitter) Rasa (taste), Laghu (light) Rooksha (dry) Guna (property), Sheetha (cold) Veerya (potency)and Katu (pungent) Vipaka (taste after digestion).

scholarly journals Envenomation cases reporting to a rural primary health care center in Maharashtra

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 5265
Author(s):  
Swati Deshpande ◽  
Barsha Pathak ◽  
S. Rahini ◽  
Rukman Mecca
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Primary Health Care Center ◽  
Seasonal Incidence ◽  
Case Record ◽  
Health Care Center ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Snake Bites ◽  
Scorpion Stings

Background: Annually in the world 1,200,000 cases of envenomation and 3,250 deaths by scorpion stings ensue. Alarming statistics are also seen for snake bites globally i.e. 421,000 envenoming and 20,000 deaths. India is the country with the highest annual number of envenoming (81,000) and deaths (nearly 11,000).Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study based on hospital record to assess the trend of diverse cases of scorpion sting and snake bite reporting to a rural primary health care center from January 2017 to December 2017. A pre-designed case record proforma was utilized to estimate the percentages of diverse cases of scorpion and snake bites attending the center and assess the demographic profile of the bite cases along with the evaluation of management protocol of these bite cases.Results: 190 cases of envenomation visited the health care center in a year where 165 were scorpion stings and 25 were snake bites. Referral to higher centres for management was established to be more in children and adolescent age groups but the mean age of envenomation was evaluated to be 33.8 years. Remarkable seasonal variation in the envenomation cases was spotted. Anti-snake venom was used for treatment of snake bites but anti-venom was not utilized for scorpion bites.Conclusions: Envenomation cases were common in adults but complications were higher in children and adolescents. We observed gender based risk and a seasonal incidence of envenomation. Most patients of envenomation were successfully managed in rural hospital with limited facilities. 

scholarly journals Revisión del conflicto entre los humanos y las serpientes en México: origen, mitigación y perspectivas

2021 ◽  
pp. 153-174
Author(s):  
L. Fernández–Badillo ◽  
I. Zuria ◽  
J. Sigala–Rodríguez ◽  
G. Sánchez–Rojas ◽  
G. Castañeda–Gaytán
Keyword(s):  
Social Perception ◽  
Evolutionary Explanation ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Snake Bites ◽  
The World ◽  
The Media

Review of the human–snake conflict in Mexico: origin, mitigation and perspectives. The conflict between humans and snakes has existed since unmemorable times. Fear of and aversion towards these animals may have an evolutionary explanation and may be justified because venomous and deadly snakes cause thousands of deaths around the world each year. Furthermore, social perception, the media, myths, and even religion, increase and feed this fear, resulting in the intentional slaughter of snakes being a common practice in many places. As Mexico is a mega–diverse country with more species of snakes than any other country, it faces a particularly difficult situation with regard to snake bites. Here we revise this human–snake conflict from different perspectives in order to better understand it, to propose possible solutions to reduce it, and to contribute towards snake conservation.

scholarly journals Ornament induced complications in snake bites: Revisiting the “Do it RIGHT” approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 474
Author(s):  
ManojKumar Mohanty ◽  
Subhendu Mallik ◽  
SudiptaRanjan Singh ◽  
Sangeeta Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Snake Bites

Evaluation of the effect of gamma rays on the venom of Vipera lebetina by biochemical study

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 1110-1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nouara Bennacef-Heffar ◽  
Fatima Laraba-Djebari
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Biochemical Study ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Phospholipase A ◽  
Snake Bites ◽  
Vipera Lebetina

Snake bites represent a serious public health problem in many areas of the world. In Algeria, two widespread snakes are Vipera lebetina and Cerastes cerastes. Vipera lebetina venom causes local hemorrhage and necrosis, and it may lead to permanent limb loss. The principal causes of mortality after snakebites are acute renal failure and hemorrhage, which occur not only locally, at the site of the bite, but also systemically, contributing to the cardiovascular shock characteristic of severe envenomation. Gamma radiation has been shown to be effective for attenuating venom toxicity. Vipera lebetina venom was irradiated with two doses of gamma rays (1 and 2 kGy) from a 60Co source, and the venom's toxic, enzymatic, and structural properties were analyzed. Intraperitoneal injection of the irradiated venoms (100–500 µg/20 g mouse body mass) revealed a significant decrease of the toxicity. Irradiated venoms with 1 and 2 kGy doses were four and nine times less toxic, respectively, than the native venom. A biochemical characterization of in vitro enzymatic activities was performed. Vipera lebetina displayed in vitro caseinolytic, amidolytic, esterasic, coagulant, and phospholipase A2 activities. Caseinolytic, amidolytic, esterasic, and coagulative activities were reduced for the irradiated venoms; only phospholipase A2 activity was abolished in the irradiated venom with a dose of 2 kGy. The native and irradiated venoms were separated by gel filtration and electrophoresis. Chromatographic and electrophoretic profiles were drastically changed as compared with the native venom. Vipera lebetina venom detoxified by gamma rays was used for active immunization, and the presence of antibody in the immune sera was detected by ELISA. The immunogenic properties were preserved and the antisera obtained with the irradiated venoms could cross-react. Antisera were able to neutralize the toxic effect of V. lebetina native venom. These results indicate that irradiation of V. lebetina venom with a dose of 2 kGy can promote a significant detoxification, keeping the immunological properties intact.Key words: Vipera lebetina venom, gamma radiation, enzymes, detoxification, immune sera, immunoreactivity.

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