Human Mycobacterium bovis infection in the United Kingdom: Incidence, risks, control measures and review of the zoonotic aspects of bovine tuberculosis

Tuberculosis ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo de la Rua-Domenech
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
The United Kingdom

scholarly journals Variation in the Early Host-Pathogen Interaction of Bovine Macrophages with Divergent Mycobacterium bovis Strains in the United Kingdom

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsty Jensen ◽  
Iain J. Gallagher ◽  
Nicholas Johnston ◽  
Michael Welsh ◽  
Robin Skuce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Type I ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Host Pathogen

ABSTRACT Bovine tuberculosis has been an escalating animal health issue in the United Kingdom since the 1980s, even though control policies have been in place for over 60 years. The importance of the genetics of the etiological agent, Mycobacterium bovis , in the reemergence of the disease has been largely overlooked. We compared the interaction between bovine monocyte-derived macrophages (bMDM) and two M. bovis strains, AF2122/97 and G18, representing distinct genotypes currently circulating in the United Kingdom. These M. bovis strains exhibited differences in survival and growth in bMDM. Although uptake was similar, the number of viable intracellular AF2122/97 organisms increased rapidly, while G18 growth was constrained for the first 24 h. AF2122/97 infection induced a greater transcriptional response by bMDM than G18 infection with respect to the number of differentially expressed genes and the fold changes measured. AF2122/97 infection induced more bMDM cell death, with characteristics of necrosis and apoptosis, more inflammasome activation, and a greater type I interferon response than G18. In conclusion, the two investigated M. bovis strains interact in significantly different ways with the host macrophage. In contrast to the relatively silent infection by G18, AF2122/97 induces greater signaling to attract other immune cells and induces host cell death, which may promote secondary infections of naive macrophages. These differences may affect early events in the host-pathogen interaction, including granuloma development, which could in turn alter the progression of the disease. Therefore, the potential involvement of M. bovis genotypes in the reemergence of bovine tuberculosis in the United Kingdom warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals Family cluster of three cases of monkeypox imported from Nigeria to the United Kingdom, May 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (32) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma Hobson ◽  
James Adamson ◽  
Hugh Adler ◽  
Richard Firth ◽  
Susan Gould ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Index Case ◽  
West African ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Imported Case ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Health Response ◽  
The Family

Most reported cases of human monkeypox occur in Central and West Africa, where the causing virus is endemic. We describe the identification and public health response to an imported case of West African monkeypox from Nigeria to the United Kingdom (UK) in May 2021. Secondary transmission from the index case occurred within the family to another adult and a toddler. Concurrent COVID-19-related control measures upon arrival and at the hospital, facilitated detection and limited the number of potential contacts.

scholarly journals Performance of a Noninvasive Test for Detecting Mycobacterium bovis Shedding in European Badger (Meles meles) Populations

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 2316-2323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayley C. King ◽  
Andrew Murphy ◽  
Phillip James ◽  
Emma Travis ◽  
David Porter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Meles Meles ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Noninvasive Test ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
European Badger

The incidence ofMycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, in cattle herds in the United Kingdom is increasing, resulting in substantial economic losses. The European badger (Meles meles) is implicated as a wildlife reservoir and is the subject of control measures aimed at reducing the incidence of infection in cattle populations. Understanding the epidemiology ofM. bovisin badger populations is essential for directing control interventions and understanding disease spread; however, accurate diagnosis in live animals is challenging and currently uses invasive methods. Here we present a noninvasive diagnostic procedure and sampling regimen using field sampling of latrines and detection ofM. boviswith quantitative PCR tests, the results of which strongly correlate with the results of immunoassays in the field at the social group level. This method allowsM. bovisinfections in badger populations to be monitored without trapping and provides additional information on the quantities of bacterial DNA shed. Therefore, our approach may provide valuable insights into the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in badger populations and inform disease control interventions.

scholarly journals Temporal and spatial Mycobacterium bovis prevalence patterns as evidenced in the All Wales Badgers Found Dead (AWBFD) survey of infection 2014–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Schroeder ◽  
Beverley Hopkins ◽  
Jeff Jones ◽  
Terry Galloway ◽  
Ryan Pike ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Spatial Variations ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Spatial Spread ◽  
Similar Survey ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
And Control

Abstract In order to better understand the spatial spread of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in Wales, an All Wales Badgers Found Dead (AWBFD) survey was carried out from 2014–2016. For Wales, as a whole, there was a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in prevalence of bTB in badgers since a similar survey was carried out in 2005–2006, with a drop from 13.3% to 7.3%. The highest prevalence was observed for the High TB Area East (18.6%), which shares its border with England, and differed significantly (p < 0.001) from the High TB Area West (7.4%). The lowest proportion of carcases diagnosed with the disease (0.7%) was in the Low TB Area, followed by the two Intermediate TB Areas of Wales (2.7%). The M. bovis isolates from badgers tended to be similar to the genotypes of cattle in the same area, except in the Low TB Area. The direction of any cross species transmission and the drivers for this cannot be determined from this study. The spatial variations described here support the need for regionally adapted surveillance and control measures for bovine tuberculosis in Wales.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the CervidTB STAT-PAK for the Detection of Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Wild Deer in Great Britain

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1449-1452 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gowtage-Sequeira ◽  
A. Paterson ◽  
K. P. Lyashchenko ◽  
S. Lesellier ◽  
M. A. Chambers
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Fallow Deer ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Deer Species ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Wild Deer ◽  
Culture Positive

ABSTRACT Deer are acknowledged as hosts of Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), and determining the prevalence of infection in deer species is one of the key steps in understanding the epidemiological role played by cervids in the transmission and maintenance of bTB in the United Kingdom. This study evaluated a rapid lateral-flow test for the detection of bTB in samples from wild deer species in the United Kingdom. Fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and red deer (Cervus elaphus) from areas in Wales, the Cotswolds, and southwestern England were necropsied for a bTB survey. Serum samples from individual deer were tested with the CervidTB STAT-PAK, and the results were evaluated against the culture of M. bovis from tissues (n = 432). Sensitivity and specificity were 85.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 42.1 to 99.6%) and 94.8% (95% CI, 92.3 to 96.7%), respectively, with an odds ratio of 109.9 (95% CI, 12.7 to 953.6%) for a positive STAT-PAK result among culture-positive deer. The low prevalence of infection (3.8%, n = 860) affected the confidence of the sensitivity estimate of the test, but all culture-positive fallow deer (n = 6) were detected by the test. In addition, antibodies to M. bovis could be detected in poor-quality serum samples. The results suggest that the CervidTB STAT-PAK could be deployed as a field test for further evaluation.

scholarly journals Investigating Transmission of Mycobacterium bovis in the United Kingdom in 2005 to 2008

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1943-1950 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mandal ◽  
L. Bradshaw ◽  
L. F. Anderson ◽  
T. Brown ◽  
J. T. Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
The United Kingdom

scholarly journals Oral Vaccination of Guinea Pigs with a Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccine in a Lipid Matrix Protects against Aerosol Infection with Virulent M. bovis

2008 ◽  
Vol 76 (8) ◽  
pp. 3771-3776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Clark ◽  
Martin L. Cross ◽  
Allan Nadian ◽  
Julia Vipond ◽  
Pinar Court ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Oral Formulation ◽  
Meles Meles ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Government ◽  
Aerosol Infection

ABSTRACT Increased incidence of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in the United Kingdom caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis is a cause of considerable economic loss to farmers and the government. The Eurasian badger (Meles meles) represents a wildlife source of recurrent M. bovis infections of cattle in the United Kingdom, and its vaccination against TB with M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an attractive disease control option. Delivery of BCG in oral bait holds the best prospect for vaccinating badgers over a wide geographical area. Using a guinea pig pulmonary challenge model, we evaluated the protective efficacy of candidate badger oral vaccines, based on broth-grown or ball-milled BCG, delivered either as aqueous suspensions or formulated in two lipids with differing fatty acid profiles (one being animal derived and the other being vegetable derived). Protection was determined in terms of increasing body weight after aerosol challenge with virulent M. bovis, reduced dissemination of M. bovis to the spleen, and, in the case of one oral formulation, restricted growth of M. bovis in the lungs. Only oral BCG formulated in lipid gave significant protection. These data point to the potential of the BCG-lipid formulation for further development as a tool for controlling tuberculosis in badgers.

scholarly journals An outbreak of foodborne botulism associated with contaminated hazelnut yoghurt

1990 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O'Mahony ◽  
E. Mitchell ◽  
R. J. Gilbert ◽  
D. N. Hutchinson ◽  
N. T. Begg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
General Public ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Type B ◽  
Faecal Specimen ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Foodborne Botulism

SUMMARYThe largest recorded outbreak of foodborne botulism in the United Kingdom occurred in June 1989. A total of 27 patients was affected; one patient died. Twenty-five of the patients had eaten one brand of hazelnut yoghurt in the week before the onset of symptoms. This yoghurt contained hazelnut conserve sweetened with aspartame rather than sugar.Clostridium botulinumtype B toxin was detected in a blown can of hazelnut conserve, opened and unopened cartons of hazelnut yoghurt, and one faecal specimen.Cl. botulinumtype B was subsequently cultured from both opened and unopened cartons of the hazelnut yoghurt and from one faecal specimen. Investigations indicated that the processing of the conserve was inadequate to destroyCl. botulinumspores. Control measures included the cessation of all yoghurt production by the implicated producer, the withdrawal of the firm's yoghurts from sale, the recall of cans of the hazelnut conserve, and advice to the general public to avoid the consumption of all hazelnut yoghurts.

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