Abstract
Detection of cancer at its early stage is important for treatment. Urine, which is not regulated by homeostatic mechanisms, reflects early systemic changes throughout the whole body and can be used for the early detection of cancer. In this study, the Walker-256 tail-vein injection rat model was established to find whether the urine proteome could reflect early changes if tumor grown in lung. Urine samples from the control group (n = 7) and Walker-256 tail-vein injection group (n = 7) on days 2, 4, 6 and 9 were analyzed by label-free proteomic quantitative methods. On day 2, when lung tumor nodules did not appear, 62 differential proteins were identified. They were associated with epithelial cell differentiation, regulation of immune system processes and the classical complement activation pathway. On day 4, when lung tumor nodules appeared, 72 differential proteins were identified. They were associated with the innate immune response and positive regulation of phagocytosis. On day 6, when body weight began to decrease, 117 differential proteins were identified. On day 9, the identified 125 differential proteins were associated with the B cell receptor signaling pathway and the positive regulation of B cell activation. Our results indicate that (1) the urine proteome changed even on the second day after tail-vein injection of Walker-256 cells and that (2) compared to previous studies, the urine proteomes were different when the same cancer cells were grown in different organs.
Urine Proteome of COVID-19 Patients
