A clinical perspective of the U.S. anti-vaccination epidemic: Considering marginal costs and benefits, CDC best practices guidelines, free riders, and herd immunity

Vaccine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (50) ◽  
pp. 7877-7879
Author(s):  
Michael G. Anderson ◽  
Eric A. Ballinger ◽  
David Benjamin ◽  
Lawrence D. Frenkel ◽  
C. William Hinnant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Clinical Perspective ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Free Riders ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals Music Interventions for Older Adults in Clinical Trials and Research Studies Across Cultures and Settings

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 930-930
Author(s):  
Tara Rose ◽  
Elyse Manzo ◽  
Katherine Erickson ◽  
Joshua Valenzuela
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Music Therapy ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Music Intervention ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Music interventions and music therapy have become more common globally as nonpharmacological treatment options for memory loss, pain management, reduction of behavioral and psychological symptoms, and increased quality of life. Knowledge of multiethnic interventions is important when creating evidence-based programs within culturally diverse countries, such as the U.S. The purpose of this systematic review is to analyze music interventions for older adults across the globe to better understand emerging best practices. A review of all trials registered at clinicaltrials.gov and registries in the WHO Registry Network containing the key words “music therapy” were included, regardless of intervention type. Of the 627 studies generated, 449 met the eligibility criteria, with 11% enrolling only older adults and 89% enrolling older adults along with other age groups. Studies were conducted in 6 continents, 48 countries (23% in the U.S.), and in 23 languages. Music interventions for specific medical conditions (64%) or medical procedures (24%) were the primary foci in studies. While studies crossed multiple continents, less than 2% referenced ethnicity or culture in the study details. Detailed data on intervention types, demographics, measures, settings, and methodology will be presented. Results suggest that best practices in music therapy are being developed world-wide for the multitude of health challenges faced by older adults and demonstrate the diversity of music interventions in both medical and community settings. Information from this review can be used to improve the implementation of music intervention programs and may be particularly beneficial in countries with diverse multicultural populations.

Foreign Employment, Income Shifting, and Tax Uncertainty

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine D. Drake ◽  
Nathan C. Goldman ◽  
Frank Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Selection Bias ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Income Shifting ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Tax Uncertainty

We examine the effect of foreign employment on two outcomes-income shifting and the tax uncertainty of foreign transactions. Using a hand-collected sample of employment disclosures, we partition our sample into firm-years with a higher or lower degree of foreign employment. Using two distinct income shifting models, we document that, on average, a high degree of foreign employment is associated with greater tax-motivated income shifting out of the U.S. We also posit and find that a high degree of foreign employment enhances the economic substance of foreign transactions, reducing the tax uncertainty associated with foreign income. We conduct additional analyses to mitigate selection bias concerns, and we use exogenous changes to the costs and benefits of income shifting using foreign employment to strengthen identification. Our results highlight firms' use of employees as part of a tax-efficient supply chain and how foreign employment enhances income shifting opportunities between jurisdictions.

scholarly journals When marginal costs and benefits should be used in screening

BMJ ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 312 (7037) ◽  
pp. 1041-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Wald ◽  
H. Watt
Keyword(s):  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Marginal Costs

Avoid Losing a Daubert Challenge: Some Best Practices for Expert Witnesses

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Larry Crumbley ◽  
Christine C. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Expert Witnesses ◽  
Court Case ◽  
Jury Trials ◽  
Financial Consequences ◽  
Tax Court ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT Accounting experts, like other experts hired for litigation cases, are subject to Daubert challenges. While the use of Daubert challenges was primarily in jury trials, a recent U.S. Tax Court case, Boltar LLC v. Commissioner, used the Daubert standards to discredit an “absurd” appraisal. To avoid the potential detrimental reputational and potential financial consequences and adverse effects on the clients, accounting experts must be aware of Daubert challenges and the standards by which their testimony will be judged. In this article, we discuss the Daubert challenge and the standards by which a judge will evaluate an expert's testimony in considering the admissibility of, or weight placed on, the expert's testimony. We also discuss some best practices and discuss the potential growing application of Daubert challenges in bench trials, as well as the potential that similar challenges may exist outside of the U.S. jurisdictions.

False Information Narratives

2019 ◽  
pp. 326-348
Author(s):  
J. J. Sylvia IV ◽  
Kyle Moody
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Internet Research ◽  
False Information ◽  
Media Campaigns ◽  
Geographic Locations ◽  
The U.S ◽  
The Way

The issue of Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. Presidential election has been widely debated by scholars and journalists. However, these works have not fully analyzed the ads that have been released by Facebook and the U.S. Congress. This project uses a case study to analyze the ads posted by the Russian-affiliated Internet Research Agency, considering the quantities of ads targeted to particular geographic locations, the frequency of targeting for unique keywords, and the reach and impressions of each of the ads. Further, these results are compared to results from best practices in traditional social media campaigns as a way to better understand the goals and potential impacts of the IRA ads. In conclusion, the project, by analyzing the full set of IRA ads, sheds new light on the way false information narratives were leveraged by the Russian-linked IRA.

Economic appraisal in public healthcare: assessing efficiency and equity

2021 ◽  
pp. 365-380
Author(s):  
David Parkin ◽  
Stephen Morris ◽  
Nancy Devlin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Economic Appraisal ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Cost Measurement

This chapter is an introduction to economic appraisal. It explains underlying concepts, describes methods used, and discusses the application to public health. Economic appraisal comprises techniques that weigh up the costs of an action, such as providing a public health intervention to an at-risk population group, against the benefits that it provides. Important underlying principles are opportunity cost, social versus private costs and benefits, marginal costs and benefits, efficiency, and equity. There are different types of economic appraisal, each of which measures the costs and benefits of options being compared. Measuring costs involves identifying and describing resource use changes, quantifying them in physical units and valuing them. Issues in cost measurement include use of macro or micro-costing and dealing with inflation and time preference. There are several approaches that can be used to measure benefits depending on the type of economic appraisal being used; a measure of special interest is quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Modelling is often used in economic appraisal to combine data on the costs and benefits of an intervention. Given the inherent uncertainties involved in economic appraisal it is good practice to undertake sensitivity analyses that investigate the impact of uncertainty. Methodological challenges in undertaking economic appraisals of public health interventions include the importance of equity and inequality considerations, establishing robust evidence of the effect of public health programmes, the relevance of QALYs, and accounting for multisectoral costs and benefits.

Local Action on Behalf of Local Collectives in the U.S. and Israel: How Different Are Leaders from Members in Voluntary Associations?

1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 36-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Friedmann ◽  
Paul Florin ◽  
Abraham Wandersman ◽  
Ron Meier
Keyword(s):  
Function Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Voluntary Action ◽  
Voluntary Organizations ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
The Social ◽  
The U.S

While leadership in voluntary organizations is important to the understanding of voluntary action, not enough is known about differences between leaders and members in voluntary organizations. This study explored the differences between leaders and members in local voluntary organizations in the U.S. and Israel. Using discriminant function analysis on demographic characteristics, social psychological variables, and cost-benefit relationships it was found that leaders differ significantly from members in several of these areas. Patterns of greatest similarity were found between the American and Israeli participants on the social psychological variables. Gender distinguished members from leaders in Israel; occupation and education did so in the U.S. A very significant finding in the area of costs and benefits was that leaders perceived their activism as more costly than did members; leaders viewed costs to their participation as being equal to benefits while members perceived more benefits than costs.

Ethical and Effective Ethnographic Research Methods: A Case Study with Afghan Refugees in California

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Afghan Refugees ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
The U.S

Scholarly studies of refugees and other vulnerable populations carry special ethical concerns. In this invited case study of Afghan refugees in Fremont, California, I provide illustrations and recommendations of ethical research methods with refugees. I also compare and contrast some ethical issues in the U.S. with issues in Thailand. The qualitative, ethnographic methods I report here demonstrate how to conduct culturally sensitive investigations by ethically approaching gatekeepers and other community members to preserve autonomy, ensure confidentiality, build trust, and improve the accuracy of interpretations and results. Six groups at risk for being marginalized in multiple ways within refugee populations are described. Ten best practices are recommended for ethically acquiring an in-depth understanding of the refugees, their community, and appropriate research methods.

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