Normal skeletal pattern formation in chick limb bud with a mesenchymal hole is mediated by adjustment of cellular properties along the anterior–posterior axis in the limb bud

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Sato ◽  
Momoko Fujiwara ◽  
Haruka Nishino ◽  
Rei Harada ◽  
Eriko Kawasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Skeletal Pattern ◽  
Anterior Posterior ◽  
Anterior Posterior Axis

The structure of supernumerary limbs formed after 180° blastemal rotation in the newt Triturus cristatus

Development ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-158
Author(s):  
Spyros Papageorgiou ◽  
Nigel Holder
Keyword(s):  
Triturus Cristatus ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Skeletal Pattern ◽  
Supernumerary Limbs ◽  
Anterior Posterior ◽  
Anterior Posterior Axis

The structure of supernumerary limbs formed following 180° ipsilateral blastema rotations in the arm of the newt Triturus cristatus is analysed. Both the skeletal pattern and the muscle patterns are examined. As is the case after comparable experiments in the axolotl (see, for example, Maden & Mustafa, 1982) the extra limbs which form show a range of anatomies. Limbs symmetrical about the dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior axis are reported as well as some limbs which were part symmetrical and part asymmetrical. It is clear that newts and axolotls appear to react in similar ways to this particular experimental procedure.

scholarly journals IRX3/5 regulate mitotic chromatid segregation and limb bud shape

Development ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (19) ◽  
pp. dev180042
Author(s):  
Hirotaka Tao ◽  
Jean-Philippe Lambert ◽  
Theodora M. Yung ◽  
Min Zhu ◽  
Noah A. Hahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Chromatid Segregation ◽  
Skeletal Pattern

ABSTRACTPattern formation is influenced by transcriptional regulation as well as by morphogenetic mechanisms that shape organ primordia, although factors that link these processes remain under-appreciated. Here we show that, apart from their established transcriptional roles in pattern formation, IRX3/5 help to shape the limb bud primordium by promoting the separation and intercalation of dividing mesodermal cells. Surprisingly, IRX3/5 are required for appropriate cell cycle progression and chromatid segregation during mitosis, possibly in a nontranscriptional manner. IRX3/5 associate with, promote the abundance of, and share overlapping functions with co-regulators of cell division such as the cohesin subunits SMC1, SMC3, NIPBL and CUX1. The findings imply that IRX3/5 coordinate early limb bud morphogenesis with skeletal pattern formation.

scholarly journals Intercalation and the cellular origin of supernumerary limbs in Xenopus

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Muneoka ◽  
E.H. Murad
Keyword(s):  
Limb Development ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Posterior Limb ◽  
Cellular Origin ◽  
Supernumerary Limbs ◽  
Anterior Posterior ◽  
Anterior Posterior Axis

The hypothesis that a specialized polarizing zone controls the pattern of the anterior-posterior axis during limb development in Xenopus has been tested by analysing the cellular contribution to supernumerary limbs. Supernumerary limbs were generated by grafting hindlimb buds contralaterally between X. borealis and X. laevis to appose anterior and posterior limb tissues. Cells derived from these two species of Xenopus are readily identified by staining with quinacrine. The analysis of cellular contribution showed that supernumerary limbs consist of approximately half anterior-derived (57%) and half posterior-derived (43%) cells. These data are not consistent with the polarizing zone theory but are consistent with the hypothesis that both supernumerary limbs and normally developing limbs arise from intercalary interactions between limb bud cells with different positional values.

Mechanisms of dorsal-ventral axis determination in Drosophila embryos revealed by cytoplasmic transplantations

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 1385-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Vitelline Membrane ◽  
Perivitelline Space ◽  
Protein Distribution ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Toll Receptor ◽  
Anterior Posterior ◽  
Drosophila Embryos ◽  
Anterior Posterior Axis

The establishment of the dorsal-ventral pattern in Drosophila embryos depends on a signal transduction process: a putative extracellular ligand released into the perivitelline space surrounding the embryo binds to the Toll receptor. Toll activation triggers the formation of the nuclear gradient of dorsal protein, the morphogen of the dorsal-ventral axis. Here, I analyse the dorsal protein distribution and the expression of zygotic dorsal-ventral genes in Toll- embryos that have been injected with wild-type cytoplasm under a variety of different injection conditions. Injections into two positions within a single embryo lead to the formation of two dorsal-ventral patterns in one embryo, allowing the analysis of interactions between pattern-forming processes. The results of single and double injections suggest that the spatial information for the embryonic dorsal-ventral axis is largely derived from spatial cues present in the extraembryonic compartment, which restrict the release of the putative Toll ligand. They argue against a Toll-dependent pattern-formation process employing local self-enhancement and lateral inhibition to enhance a weak initial asymmetry. The putative Toll ligand appears to originate from a ventrally restricted zone which extends along the entire anterior-posterior axis. Ligand diffusion or its graded release are required to determine the slope of the nuclear dorsal protein gradient. Both the Toll receptor and the putative ligand of Toll are in excess in wild-type embryos. Since spatial information for the embryonic dorsal-ventral axis is already present in the vitelline membrane or the perivitelline space, it is most likely generated during oogenesis. Oogenic pattern formation is also responsible for the perpendicular orientation the dorsal-ventral axis maintains with respect to the anterior-posterior axis.

Control of pattern formation in urodele limb ontogeny: a review and a hypothesis

Development ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-36
Author(s):  
David L. Stocum ◽  
John F. Fallon
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Outermost Layer ◽  
Distal Boundary ◽  
Disc Cells ◽  
Positional Value ◽  
Transverse Axial ◽  
Anterior Posterior

From a review of the literature, the hypothesis is advanced that the forelimb region of the urodele embryoacquires its transverse axial polarity and pattern by the action of posterior and dorsal polarizing regions. The anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes are determined simultaneously and their determination is a prerequisite for proximal-distal outgrowth. Outgrowth of the limb bud is accompanied by the generation, between proximal and distal boundaries, of a set of positional values specifying proximal-distal axial polarity and pattern. The proximal boundary is the initial positional value carried by the cells of the limb area. The distal boundary is imposed upon the outermost layer of limb disc cells by the overlying ectoderm.

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