To adapt to changes in the environment, cells have to dynamically alter their phenotype in response to, for instance, temperature and oxygen availability. Interestingly, mitochondrial function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is inherently temperature sensitive; above 37 °C, yeast cells cannot grow on respiratory carbon sources. To investigate this phenomenon, we studied the effect of cultivation temperature on the efficiency (production of ATP per atom of oxygen consumed, or P/O) of the yeast respiratory chain in glucose-limited chemostats. We determined that even though the specific oxygen consumption rate did not change with temperature, oxygen consumption no longer contributed to mitochondrial ATP generation at temperatures higher than 37 °C. Remarkably, between 30 and 37 °C, we observed a linear increase in respiratory efficiency with growth temperature, up to a P/O of 1.4, close to the theoretical maximum that can be reached in vivo. The temperature-dependent increase in efficiency required the presence of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GUT2. Respiratory chain efficiency was also altered in response to changes in oxygen availibility. Our data show that, even in the absence of alternative oxidases or uncoupling proteins, yeast has retained the ability to dynamically regulate the efficiency of coupling of oxygen consumption to proton translocation in the respiratory chain in response to changes in the environment.
Dynamic regulation of gene expression using sucrose responsive promoters and RNA interference in Saccharomyces cerevisiae