The relationship between nicotine dependence scores and biomarkers of exposure in adult cigarette smokers

AbstractIntroductionAbout half of smokers relight their cigarette, a habit that is a risk factor for chronic bronchitis and possibly lung cancer. Little is known about the characteristics of smokers who relight and their dependence on nicotine. It is unknown whether relighting affects exposure to tobacco smoke constituents. This study examined the characteristics of relighters of usual brand cigarettes and whether relighting affects exposure to selected tobacco smoke constituents.MethodsWe explored relighting status and frequency, using baseline data from 248 adult smokers participating in studies of reduced nicotine cigarettes in relation to demographic and cigarette characteristics, smoking behaviors, nicotine dependence, biomarkers of exposure (exhaled carbon monoxide, blood cotinine), and biomarkers of oxidative stress (ratio of oxidized/reduced glutathione).Results69.4% (n = 172) of subjects reported relighting, and they relit an average of five cigarettes out of 20. Both relighters and non-relighters smoked a mean of 20 cigarettes per day (p = .6). Relighting was significantly associated with higher nicotine dependence, use of longer rod cigarettes, older age, lower income, and unemployment. There were no significant associations between relighting and blood cotinine, exhaled carbon monoxide or measures of oxidized/reduced blood glutathione.ConclusionsThe majority of subjects were relighters, who had higher levels of nicotine dependence than non-relighters. Relighters had similar levels of plasma cotinine and exhaled carbon monoxide to non-relighters.ImplicationsNo study has compared the cigarette characteristics and biomarkers of exposure of adult cigarette smokers who relight with those who do not. Relighting behavior was common in our sample and was associated with low income, not currently working, higher nicotine dependence, cigarette rod length, daily cigarette use years, and a lifetime history of depressed mood.

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Clarifying the Genetic Influences on Nicotine Dependence and Quantity of Use in Cigarette Smokers

Behavior Genetics ◽

10.1007/s10519-021-10056-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Brad Verhulst ◽

Shaunna L. Clark ◽

Jingchun Chen ◽

Hermine H. Maes ◽

Xiangning Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nicotine Dependence ◽

Genetic Influences ◽

Cigarette Smokers

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Psychometric Evaluation of the E-cigarette Dependence Scale

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/ntx271 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (11) ◽

pp. 1556-1564 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Meghan E Morean ◽

Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin ◽

Steve Sussman ◽

Jonathan Foulds ◽

Howard Fishbein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nicotine Dependence ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Cigarette Use ◽

Cigarette Smokers ◽

Test Criterion ◽

Scalar Invariant ◽

Wide Range ◽

Current Cigarette ◽

Dependence Scale ◽

Cigarette Dependence

Abstract Introduction Psychometrically sound measures of e-cigarette dependence are lacking. Methods We modified the PROMIS Item Bank v1.0—Smoking: Nicotine Dependence for All Smokers for use with e-cigarettes and evaluated the psychometrics of the 22-, 8-, and 4-item adapted versions, referred to as The E-cigarette dependence scale (EDS). Adults (1009) who reported using e-cigarettes at least weekly completed an anonymous survey in summer 2016 (50.2% male, 77.1% White, mean age 35.81 [10.71], 66.4% daily e-cigarette users, 72.6% current cigarette smokers). Psychometric analyses included confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, measurement invariance, examination of mean-level differences, convergent validity, and test-criterion relationships with e-cigarette use outcomes. Results All EDS versions had confirmable, internally consistent latent structures that were scalar invariant by sex, race, e-cigarette use (nondaily/daily), e-liquid nicotine content (no/yes), and current cigarette smoking status (no/yes). Daily e-cigarette users, nicotine e-liquid users, and cigarette smokers reported being more dependent on e-cigarettes than their counterparts. All EDS versions correlated strongly with one another, evidenced convergent validity with the Penn State E-cigarette Dependence Index and time to first e-cigarette use in the morning, and evidenced test-criterion relationships with vaping frequency, e-liquid nicotine concentration, and e-cigarette quit attempts. Similar results were observed when analyses were conducted within subsamples of exclusive e-cigarette users and duals-users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Conclusions Each EDS version evidenced strong psychometric properties for assessing e-cigarette dependence in adults who either use e-cigarette exclusively or who are dual-users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. However, results indicated little benefit of the longer versions over the 4-item EDS, which provides an efficient assessment of e-cigarette dependence. Implications The availability of the novel, psychometrically sound EDS can further research on a wide range of questions related to e-cigarette use and dependence. In addition, the overlap between the EDS and the original PROMIS that was developed for assessing nicotine dependence to cigarettes provides consistency within the field.

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The relationship between cigarette use, nicotine dependence, and craving in laboratory volunteers

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1080/14622200801901906 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 447-455 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Eric Donny ◽

Kasey Griffin ◽

Saul Shiffman ◽

Michael Sayette

Keyword(s):

Nicotine Dependence ◽

Cigarette Use ◽

The Relationship

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The Relationship between Symptoms and Functional Abnormalities in Clinically Healthy Cigarette Smokers, Inhaled and Oral Salbutomal in Exercise-induced Asthma

Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases ◽

10.4046/trd.1977.24.1.34 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 34-34

Author(s):

Frederick Bode

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smokers ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

The Relationship

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Do Cigarette Smokers Have Different Personality Patterns than Non-Smokers?

The Spanish Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1017/sjp.2013.101 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elisardo Becoña ◽

Elena Fernández del Río ◽

Ana López-Durán ◽

Úrsula Martínez ◽

Bárbara Piñeiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Nicotine Dependence ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Quitting Smoking ◽

Personality Pattern ◽

Key Variables ◽

Personality Patterns ◽

The Relationship

AbstractThe aim of the present study is to examine the relationship between cigarette smoking and personality patterns in the general population, taking into account the possible influence of nicotine dependence. We used a stratified random sample of 1,081 adults from the general population (519 smokers and 562 non-smokers) in the region of Galicia (Spain). Personality patterns were assessed with the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). The results indicated that nicotine-dependent smokers had a higher probability of obtaining a PREV > 75 in the histrionic and antisocial personality patterns and non-nicotine-dependent smokers are more likely to present a PREV > 75 in paranoid personality pattern than non-smokers. On the contrary, non-smokers are more likely to have a PREV > 75 on the compulsive personality scale. Our findings suggest that there are different personality patterns according to smoking status (smoker/non-smoker) and according to the presence of nicotine dependence. We concluded that it is necessary to identify the personality characteristics of smokers, since these characteristics could be key variables in increased risk of being a smoker and of difficulties for quitting smoking.

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A randomized, controlled, parallel group clinical study of cigarette smokers using an innovative oral tobacco-derived nicotine product to determine impact on cigarette consumption and biomarkers of exposure

10.21203/rs.2.22401/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jeffery Edmiston ◽

Qiwei Liang ◽

Jianmin Liu ◽

Mohamadi Sarkar

Keyword(s):

Test Group ◽

Cigarette Consumption ◽

Control Group ◽

Cigarette Smokers ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽

Parallel Group ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Use Behavior ◽

Related Harm

Abstract Background: Despite the well-known health consequences of cigarettes, many adults still smoke. VERVE® Blue Mint Discs (Discs) are innovative, chewable, non-dissolvable oral tobacco-derived nicotine products designed for adult smokers (AS) interested in alternatives to cigarettes. We assessed impact of using Discs on product use behavior and biomarkers of exposure (BOE) in AS. Methods: In this randomized, two-arm, parallel group study, AS (n=154) not planning to quit in the next 30 days were randomized to either a Control Group (n=62) that continued smoking their own brand cigarettes or Test Group (n=92) with the option to use Discs for four weeks under ad libitum conditions. Changes from Baseline to End of Study (EOS) between the Groups were analyzed for CPD and BOEs to select harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) – nicotine, NNK, benzene and carbon monoxide. Results: Most AS (78%) in the Test Group reduced their CPD (~20% on average, p<0.05), some (~9.4%) reducing by 50-99% and a few (~2.4%) switched completely to Discs. The changes in CPD was biochemically confirmed with significant reductions in COHb (p<0.05). Percent changes in BOEs for nicotine, NNK and benzene tended to be lower in participants using Discs compared to the Control Group indicating lower exposure to HPHCs. Conclusions: Overall, our results suggest that many AS reduced their cigarette consumption, and some switched completely to Discs. Switching completely from cigarettes to Discs, if sustained over time, may offer an opportunity for smoking-related harm reduction. (238 words)

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Real-World Evidence of Differences in Biomarkers of Exposure to Select Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents and Biomarkers of Potential Harm Between Adult E-Vapor Users and Adult Cigarette Smokers

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/ntz185 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (7) ◽

pp. 1114-1122 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Douglas Oliveri ◽

Qiwei Liang ◽

Mohamadi Sarkar

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Real World ◽

Cigarette Smokers ◽

Potential Harm ◽

Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽

Real World Evidence ◽

Actual Use ◽

Lower Health

Abstract Introduction Real-world evidence regarding likely long-term health effects of e-vapor products (EVP) under actual use conditions relative to cigarette smoking is not well studied. Methods In this cross-sectional, observational study, biomarkers of exposure (BOE) to select harmful and potentially harmful constituents and biomarkers of potential harm (BOPH) relevant to smoking-related diseases were measured in exclusive adult EVP users (AEVP, n = 144) and exclusive adult cigarette smokers (AS, n = 73). AEVP used their own brand of EVP for 6+ months following 10+ years of cigarette smoking and AS smoked own brand of cigarettes for 10+ years. Subject recruitment and informed consent were obtained online and urine/blood samples were collected at local clinical laboratories, representing a new paradigm for collecting real-world evidence. Results The levels of total NNAL (NNK metabolite), 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid (acrolein metabolite), and carboxyhemoglobin (carbon monoxide measure) were 46% to 86% lower in AEVP compared with AS (p ≤ .0001) as was nicotine equivalents (nicotine and its five metabolites; 36%, p < .01). The levels of some BOPH were significantly lower in AEVP compared with AS for 11-dehydrothromboxane-B2 (29%, p = .04; platelet activation), 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α (23%, p = .02; oxidative stress) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (16%, p = .02; endothelial function). Conclusions This study demonstrates the feasibility of a new approach for collecting real-world evidence. Substantially lower levels of BOEs (NNK, nicotine, acrolein, carbon monoxide) and favorable differences in BOPHs (platelet activation, oxidative stress, endothelial function) suggest EVP users may have lower health risks than cigarette smokers. Implications Cigarette smoking causes serious diseases. Switching from a combustible tobacco product to a noncombustible product is a potential harm reduction pathway for adult smokers unable or unwilling to quit. Real-world evidence regarding the relative risk of EVP use compared with cigarettes is not well established. This study provides data specific to BOE to tobacco smoke constituents and biomarkers of potential harm collected under actual use conditions in a real-world setting. The totality of evidence suggests that exclusive EVP use may present lower health risk compared with smoking cigarettes.

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Relationships Between Race, Gender, and Spot Urine Levels of Biomarkers of Tobacco Exposure Vary Based on How Creatinine Is Handled in Analyses

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/ntaa117 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

pp. 2109-2113 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dana M Carroll ◽

Shannon Cigan ◽

Joshua Ikuemonisan ◽

Taylor Hammonds ◽

Irina Stepanov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Tobacco Exposure ◽

Gender Ratio ◽

Urinary Creatinine ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Spot Urine ◽

Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽

And Gender ◽

The Relationship ◽

Urine Levels

Abstract Introduction We illustrate the differential impact of common analysis approaches to handling urinary creatinine, a measure for urine dilution, on relationships between race, gender, and biomarkers of exposure measured in spot urine. Methods In smokers, spot urine levels of total nicotine equivalents (TNE, sum of total nicotine, total cotinine, and total 3′-hydroxycotinine) and total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) overall and per cigarette were examined. Relationships between race (African Americans [AA] n = 373, Whites n = 758) or gender (males n = 629, females n = 502) and TNE or NNAL were examined using the following approaches to handling creatinine: (1) unadjusted/unstandardized; (2) standardization; (3) adjustment as a covariate. Significance was considered at p < .05 Results Creatinine was higher in AA versus Whites (1.19 vs. 0.96 mg/mL; p < .0001) and in males versus females (1.21 vs. 0.84 mg/mL; p < .0001). Independent of how creatinine was handled, TNE was lower among AA than Whites (TNE ratios AA vs. Whites: 0.67–0.84; p’s < .05). Unadjusted TNE per cigarette was higher among AA versus Whites (ratio 1.12; p = .0411); however, the relationship flipped with standardization (ratio 0.90; p = .0360) and adjustment (ratio 0.95; p = .3165). Regarding gender, unadjusted TNE was higher among males versus females (ratio 1.13; p = .0063), but the relationship flipped with standardization (ratio 0.79; p < .0001) or adjustment (ratio 0.89; p = .0018). Unadjusted TNE per cigarette did not differ across gender (ratio 0.98; p = .6591), but lower levels were found in males versus females with standardization (ratio 0.68; p < .0001) and adjustment (ratio 0.74; p < .0001). NNAL displayed similar patterns. Conclusions Relationships between race, gender, and spot urine levels of biomarkers of exposure can vary greatly based on how creatinine is handled in analyses. Implications Lack of appropriate methods can lead to discrepancies across reports on variability of urinary biomarkers by race and gender. We recommend that for any analyses of biomarkers of exposure measure in spot urine samples across race, gender, or other population subgroups that differ in urinary creatinine levels, sensitivity analyses comparing the different methods for handling urinary creatinine should be conducted. If methods result in discrepant findings, this should be clearly noted and discussed.

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