Both nerve growth factor (NGF) and estrogen have been shown to stimulate proliferation of various cell types. Human urothelial cells (HUC) express the α- and β-subtypes of the estrogen receptor (ERαand ERβ) as well as tyrosine kinase A (trkA), the high-affinity receptor for NGF. We investigated interactions between estrogen and NGF relative to cell proliferation using primary cultures of HUC. 17β-estradiol (E2) stimulated NGF synthesis by HUC, and E2 (50 nM), the ERαagonist 16α-iodo-17β-estradiol (10 nM), or the ERβagonist genistein (50 nM) each stimulated HUC proliferation, an effect that was abolished by the estrogen antagonist ICI-182,780 (100 nM). NGF (1–100 ng/ml) stimulated HUC proliferation, and this was abolished by NGF antiserum (0.1 μl/ml) or the trkA antagonist K252a (100 nM). HUC proliferation stimulated by E2 was also abolished by NGF antiserum or K252a. Finally, we observed that treatment of HUC with NGF (50 ng/ml) or E2 (50 nM) stimulated trkA phosphorylation, and this was abolished by K252a (100 nM) or NGF antiserum (0.1 μl/ml). These data indicate that the effects of ER activation on HUC proliferation at least partly involve activation of trkA by NGF.