The east-west symmetry of the cosmic radiation at very high elevations near the equator and evidence that protons constitute the primary particles of the hard component

The theoretical analyses of the extensive air showers developing from the cosmic radiation has its origins in the work of Carlson and Oppenheimer (1937) and Bhabha and Heitler (1937), at a time when it was thought that such showers were initiated by electrons. The realization that protons and other nuclei were the primary particles led to a reformulation of the theory by Heitler and Janossy (1949), Messel and Green (1952) and others, in which the production of energetic pions and the three-dimensional development of air showers were accounted for. But as the soft (electromagnetic) component of the cosmic radiation is the most prominent feature of air showers at sea level, there has been a sustained interest in the theory of this component. Most of the more recent work, such as that by Butcher and Messel (1960) and Thielheim and Zöllner (1972) has relied on computer simulation; but this method has disadvantages in terms of accuracy and presentation of results, especially where a simultaneous analysis of the development of air showers in terms of several physical variables is required. This is so for instance when the time of arrival is one of the variables. Moyal (1956) played an important part in the analytical formulation of a stochastic theory of cosmic ray showers, with time as an explicit variable, and it is essentially this approach which will be adopted in the following. The actual distribution of arrival times is cosmic ray showers, for which results are obtained, is of current experimental interest (McDonald, Clay and Prescott (1977)).

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Regional Disparities in Turkey: A Socio-Economic Perspective

European Journal of Sustainable Development ◽

10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n3p103 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 103

Author(s):

Hacer Simay Karaalp-Orhan

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Low Income ◽

Social Indicators ◽

Value Added ◽

Regional Disparities ◽

Localization Economies ◽

Urbanization Economies ◽

Industry Sectors ◽

Very High ◽

East West

Economic development, for any country, is one of the most important objectives to be achieved. However, development cannot be realized in all regions and provinces of a county at the same time and speed. Turkey also struggles against a persistent economic development problem among regions in east-west and coast-inland for many years. This study aims to analyze the regional inequalities in Turkey under the scope of economic, demographic and social indicators from 2007 to the latest data. The results indicate that TR-10 Istanbul is the engine region of Turkey in terms of industrialization and development with the highest contribution (31%) based on service and industry sectors, to the gross value added. Other industrialized regions are the Aegean region where localization economies mainly dominated and the East Marmara and TR51-Ankara regions where urbanization economies operated in. Agricultural activities heavily concentrated in Aegean, Antalya, Konya and Şanlıurfa regions. In these regions, participation in the labour market is also very high. However, the highest income inequality and poverty is also found in TR10, TR62 and TR21 regions. The less developed region is the Southeast Anatolian region in terms of low income, education, health and high unemployment, young population and immigration rates. Keywords: Regional disparities, regional development, socio-economic indicators, Turkey

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INFLUENCE OF PRIMARY COSMIC RADIATION MASS COMPOSITION ON THE ESTIMATION OF EAS ENERGY

International Journal of Modern Physics A ◽

10.1142/s0217751x05030430 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 20 (29) ◽

pp. 6897-6899 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. P. KNURENKO ◽

A. A. IVANOV ◽

V. A. KOLOSOV ◽

Z. E. PETROV ◽

I. YE. SLEPTSOV ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cosmic Radiation ◽

Cherenkov Radiation ◽

Charged Particles ◽

Mass Composition ◽

Mixed Composition ◽

Radiation Data ◽

Primary Particles ◽

Primary Cosmic Radiation ◽

Electron Photon ◽

Photon Component

Fraction of energy, E em /E0, transferred to the electron-photon component of EAS at E0 = 1015 ± 1019 eV was estimated by using the Cherenkov radiation data and the data on charged particles obtained at the Yakutsk EAS array. The results are compared with predictions of different models for energy dissipation into the EAS electron-photon component and with calculations performed with different primary nuclei content. In the energy ranges 1015 ± 1016 eV and 1018 ± 1019 eV , the ratio E em /E0 is equal to (77 ± 2)% and (88 ± 2)%, respectively, that does not contradict to a mixed composition of primary particles in the first energy interval and purely proton composition in the second one.

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Delivering upstream gas developments in Papua New Guinea—challenges and lessons learned

The APPEA Journal ◽

10.1071/aj09086 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 722

Author(s):

Simon High

Keyword(s):

Local Community ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Project Delivery ◽

Security Risks ◽

The Past ◽

Project Outcomes ◽

Local Labour ◽

High Elevations ◽

Future Project ◽

Very High

PNG is a unique environment and culture that presents some intriguing risks and challenges in project delivery. Clough has delivered 68 projects in PNG over the past 26 years and is recognised as one of the most experienced contractors in the region. The company has been involved in all major PNG upstream gas developments including Hides, Kutubu, Moran and Gobe. Clough is currently delivering the upstream infrastructure for ExxonMobil’s US$11 billion PNG LNG project. This paper will use case studies from Clough’s 26-years of experience in PNG to review the key challenges and define strategies used to overcome these challenges in order to deliver PNG’s largest ever resource project. Key challenges include: Logistics—most of the gas reserves in PNG are difficult to access and located at very high elevations. For example, the Hides wellpads for PNG LNG are located approximately 2,700 m above sea level and accessed by a rough and dangerous road. Security—overcoming security risks including community unrest and the existence of armed bandits on key supply routes.Landowner issues—how to work with PNG’s local communities to ensure they are happy with project outcomes to reduce landowner issues. Training local labour—equipping the local workforce with the skills required to deliver the project to Australian standards, which provides life changing skills for the local community. Key to Clough’s continued success in PNG has been its ability to effectively capture lessons learned on all completed projects and apply this knowledge to improve future project outcomes. Critical lessons will be communicated during this presentation.

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Correlation analysis of radio-auroral scatter signals

Canadian Journal of Physics ◽

10.1139/p70-216 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 48 (14) ◽

pp. 1716-1723 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

F. H. Palmer ◽

D. R. Moorcroft

Keyword(s):

Correlation Analysis ◽

Drift Velocity ◽

Scattered Field ◽

High Frequency ◽

Very High Frequency ◽

Drift Speed ◽

Scale Size ◽

Spaced Antennas ◽

Very High ◽

East West

Very high frequency radio-auroral scatter signals are regularly observed on an Ottawa–London (Ontario) backscatter circuit operating at 40.35 MHz. For three of these events the scale size and drift velocity of the scattered field at the receiving site were determined by a correlation analysis of the signals received at spaced antennas. The overall east–west extent of the scattering regions was determined from the scale-size measurements. At least two types of event were observed. One type results from scattering by extended regions with horizontal dimensions greater than 200 km and having minimum drift velocities of a few hundred m/s. The second type of event results from simultaneous scattering by a number of independent regions, each having its own drift speed and direction. These regions have drift velocities in excess of 1 km/s and horizontal dimensions often less than 30 km.

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