Histochemical studies on the relationship between the morphology of the Golgi apparatus and G6PD activity in the Locus coeruleus and dorsal vagal nucleus of the rat (Application of karyometry)

1982 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noritaka Yanagida ◽  
Koichi Iijima
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
G6pd Activity ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Golgi apparatus, GERL, and secretory granule formation within neurons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of control and hyperosmotically stressed mice.

1981 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 474-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
R D Broadwell ◽  
C Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Secretory Granule ◽  
Supraoptic Nucleus ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Hyperosmotic Stress ◽  
Granule Formation ◽  
Smooth Membrane ◽  
Secondary Lysosomes ◽  
The Relationship

The vasopressin-producing neurons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system are a particularly good model with which to consider the relationship between the Golgi apparatus nd GERL and their roles in secretory granule production because these neurons increase their synthesis and secretion of vasopressin in response to hyperosmotic stress. Enzyme cytochemical techniques for acid phosphatase (AcPase) and thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) activities were used to distinguish GERL from the Golgi apparatus in cell bodies of the supraoptic nucleus from normal mice, mice hyperosmotically stressed by drinking 2% salt water, and mice allowed to recover for 5-10 d from hyperosmotic stress. In nonincubated preparations of control supraoptic perikarya, immature secretory granules at the trans face of the Golgi apparatus were frequently attached to a narrow, smooth membrane cisterna identified as GERL. Secretory granules were occasionally seen attached to Golgi saccules. TPPase activity was present in one or two of the trans Golgi saccules; AcPase activity appeared in GERL and attached immature secretory granules, rarely in the trans Golgi saccules, and in secondary lysosomes. As a result of hyperosmotic stress, the Golgi apparatus hypertrophied, and secretory granules formed from all Golgi saccules and GERL. Little or no AcPase activity could be demonstrated in GERL, whereas all Golgi saccules and GERL-like cisternae were TPPase positive. During recovery, AcPase activity in GERL returned to normal; however, the elevated TPPase activity and secretory granule formation seen in GERL-like cisternae and all Golgi saccules during hyperosmotic stress persisted. These results suggest that under normal conditions GERL is the predominant site for the secretory granule formation, but during hyperosmotic stress, the Golgi saccules assume increased importance in this function. The observed cytochemical modulations in Golgi saccules and GERL suggest that GERL is structurally and functionally related to the Golgi saccules.

scholarly journals More than Meets the Eye: the Relationship between Pupil Size and Locus Coeruleus Activity

Neuron ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent D. Costa ◽  
Peter H. Rudebeck
Keyword(s):  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Stress-Induced Intracellular Trafficking of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors in Rat Locus Coeruleus Neurons

Endocrinology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 149 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverly A. S. Reyes ◽  
Rita J. Valentino ◽  
Elisabeth J. Van Bockstaele
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
Intracellular Trafficking ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Cellular Trafficking ◽  
Multivesicular Bodies ◽  
Swim Stress ◽  
Early Endosomes ◽  
Crf1 Antagonist

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) activates locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine neurons during stress. Previous stress or CRF administration attenuates the magnitude of this response by decreasing postsynaptic sensitivity to CRF. Here we describe the fate of CRF receptors (CRFr) in LC neurons after stress. Rats were exposed to swim stress or handling and perfused 1 or 24 h later. Sections through the LC were processed for immunogold-silver labeling of CRFr. CRFr in LC dendrites was present on the plasma membrane and within the cytoplasm. In control rats, the ratio of cytoplasmic to total dendritic labeling was 0.55 ± 0.01. Swim stress increased this ratio to 0.77 ± 0.01 and 0.80 ± 0.02 at 1 and 24 h after stress, respectively. Internalized CRFr was associated with different organelles at different times after stress. At 1 h after stress, CRFr was often associated with early endosomes in dendrites and perikarya. By 24 h, more CRFr was associated with multivesicular bodies, suggesting that some of the internalized receptor is targeted for degradation. In perikarya, more internalized CRFr was associated with Golgi apparatus 24 vs. 1 h after stress. This is suggestive of changes in CRFr synthesis. Alternatively, this may indicate communication between multivesicular bodies and Golgi apparatus in the process of recycling. Administration of the selective CRF1 antagonist, antalarmin, before swim stress attenuated CRFr internalization. The present demonstration of stress-induced internalization of CRFr in LC neurons provides evidence that CRF is released in the LC during swim stress to activate this system and initiate cellular trafficking of the receptor that determines subsequent sensitivity of LC neurons to CRF.

Lack of Association of Locus Coeruleus Pathology with Orthostatic Hypotension in Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Qiang Tong ◽  
Liam Chen
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Orthostatic Hypotension ◽  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Motor Symptom ◽  
Postmortem Brains ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is a common non-motor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and is linked with increased mortality risk among the elderly. Although the locus coeruleus (LC) is the major source of noradrenaline (NA) modulation in the brain, its role in the pathogenesis of OH in PD remains largely elusive. Here we examined 44 well characterized postmortem brains of PD patients and available clinical data to explore the relationship between OH and LC pathology in PD. Our results failed to indicate that the LC pathology as well as the substantia nigra pathology were robustly associated with the presence of OH in PD patients, suggesting targeting LC norepinephrinergic system alone may not be sufficient to treat OH in PD.

scholarly journals Locus Coeruleus Degeneration Correlated with Levodopa Resistance in Parkinson’s Disease: A Retrospective Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Cheng Zhou ◽  
Tao Guo ◽  
JingJing Wu ◽  
Linbo Wang ◽  
Xueqin Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Network Synchronization ◽  
Clinical Issue ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The widely divergent responsiveness of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients to levodopa is an important clinical issue because of its relationship with quality of life and disease prognosis. Preliminary animal experiments have suggested that degeneration of the locus coeruleus (LC) attenuates the efficacy of levodopa treatment. Objective: To explore the relationship between LC degeneration and levodopa responsiveness in PD patients in vivo. Methods: Neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (NM-MRI), a good indicator of LC and substantia nigra (SN) degeneration, and levodopa challenge tests were conducted in 57 PD patients. Responsiveness to levodopa was evaluated by the rates of change of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III score and somatomotor network synchronization calculated from resting-state functional MRI before and after levodopa administration. Next, we assessed the relationship between the contrast-to-noise ratio of LC (CNRLC) and levodopa responsiveness. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to rule out the potential influence of SN degeneration on levodopa responsiveness. Results: A significant positive correlation was found between CNRLC and the motor improvement after levodopa administration (R = 0.421, p = 0.004). CNRLC also correlated with improvement in somatomotor network synchronization (R = –0.323, p = 0.029). Furthermore, the relationship between CNRLC and levodopa responsiveness was independent of SN degeneration. Conclusion: LC degeneration might be an essential factor for levodopa resistance. LC evaluation using NM-MRI might be an alternative tool for predicting levodopa responsiveness and for helping to stratify patients into clinical trials aimed at improving the efficacy of levodopa.

scholarly journals Studies in the secretion of the pancreas and salivary glands

1933 ◽  
Vol 114 (786) ◽  
pp. 20-47 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Gland Cells ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

In recent years considerable attention has been paid by various workers to the cytological constituents of various gland cells. In invertebrates lolloping the lead of Parat and Painlevé (1924), the so-called salivary glands of chironomous have been the favourite objects of study (Beams and Goldschmidt, 1930 ; Gatenby, 1932), while in vertebrates the pancreas has been more usually chosen (Parat, 1928 ; Covell, 1928 ; Ludford, 1930 ; Beams, 1930 ; Gatenby, 1931). The chief object of these researches has been to discover what relationship, if any, exists between the Golgi apparatus and the cell bodies revealed by intravitam staining with neutral red (so-called vacuome of Parat), but the conclusions reached have been in every case conflicting. In consideration of the great diversity of opinion existing between these workers it was hoped in the present instance that a reinvestigation of the cytology of the pancreas together with the salivary glands might throw light on the subject, since the problem in each must be fundamentally the same. The objects of the present work were then:— (a) complete morphological study of the Golgi apparatus in the cells of these glands. (b) A study of the structures revealed intra-vitam by neutral red. (C) A determination of the relationship between these structures and the known cell constituents. (d) A study of the various secretory stages in the cell activity.

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