A comparison of the role of the motor cortex in recovery from cerebellar damage in young and adult rats

AbstractElectrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex (ESCC) has been used to treat intractable neuropathic pain for nearly two decades, however, no standardized approach for this technique has been developed. In order to optimize targeting and validate the effect of ESCC before placing the permanent grid, we introduced initial assessment with trial stimulation, using a temporary grid of subdural electrodes. In this retrospective study we evaluate the role of electrode location on cerebral cortex in control of neuropathic pain and the role of trial stimulation in target-optimization for ESCC. Location of the temporary grid electrodes and location of permanent electrodes were evaluated in correlation with the long-term efficacy of ESCC. The results of this study demonstrate that the long-term effect of subdural pre-motor cortex stimulation is at least the same or higher compare to effect of subdural motor or combined pre-motor and motor cortex stimulation. These results also demonstrate that the initial trial stimulation helps to optimize permanent electrode positions in relation to the optimal functional target that is critical in cases when brain shift is expected. Proposed methodology and novel results open a new direction for development of neuromodulation techniques to control chronic neuropathic pain.

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Development of sensitivity to cAMP-inducing hormones in the rat stomach

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1984.247.3.g231 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 247 (3) ◽

pp. G231-G239

Author(s):

C. Gespach ◽

Y. Cherel ◽

G. Rosselin

Keyword(s):

Biological Activities ◽

Physiological Role ◽

H2 Receptor Antagonist ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Gastric Glands ◽

Camp Generation ◽

Final Maturation ◽

Noncompetitive Inhibitor ◽

Regulatory Properties

Development of cAMP responses to secretin, pancreatic glucagon, and histamine was measured in gastric glands of fetal (day 20), postnatal (days 1-30), and adult rats (day 65). cAMP stimulation by these hormones was already detected on day 20 of gestation. cAMP generation showed biphasic variations during the 1st days of life and at the onset of weaning (day 20). Anticipated weaning at day 14 triggered precocious maturation (efficacies) of the cAMP-generating systems sensitive to secretin, glucagon, and histamine without changing the potencies of the hormones. During development, the general characteristics (potency and pharmacological or regulatory properties) of the receptor-cAMP systems studied were comparable with those evidenced in adult rats. At days 5, 20, and 65, vasoactive intestinal peptide and the peptide having N-terminal histidine and C-terminal isoleucine amide (PHI) were about 100 times less potent than secretin (EC50 = 1.5 X 10(-9) M secretin). The histamine action could be blocked by the competitive H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine (70-100% inhibition) as well as by the noncompetitive inhibitor somatostatin (37-62% inhibition). The data indicate that these regulatory hormones (secretin, glucagon(s), histamine, and somatostatin) might have a direct effect on gastric glands and may modulate their biological activities (metabolism, differentiation, proliferation, and exocrine and endocrine secretions) from the neonatal period in rats. The important physiological role of weaning on the final maturation of the cAMP-generating systems in rat gastric glands is underlined.

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Sex- and age-based differences in the effect of central serotonin on arterial blood pressure regulation

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00414.2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 129 (6) ◽

pp. 1310-1323

Author(s):

Jennifer L. Magnusson ◽

Craig A. Emter ◽

Kevin J. Cummings

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Arterial Blood Pressure ◽

Nrem Sleep ◽

Blood Pressure Regulation ◽

Pressure Regulation ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Serotonin Neurons ◽

Older Males

The role of serotonin in arterial blood pressure (ABP) regulation across states of vigilance is unknown. We hypothesized that adult rats devoid of CNS serotonin (TPH2−/−) have low ABP in wakefulness and NREM sleep, when serotonin neurons are active. However, TPH2−/− rats experience higher ABP than TPH2+/+ rats in wakefulness and REM only, a phenotype present only in older males and not females. CNS serotonin may be critical for preventing high ABP in males with aging.

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Neuroprotective role of dexmedetomidine pretreatment in cerebral ischemia injury via ADRA2A‑mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in adult rats

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine ◽

10.3892/etm.2018.6878 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Yanyan Shi ◽

Xiao‑Hong Peng ◽

Xia Li ◽

Gao‑Ping Luo ◽

Ming‑Fu Wu

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Ischemia ◽

Adult Rats

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Effect of exercise on the development of osteoporosis in adult rats

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.14 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 14-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

K. H. Myburgh ◽

T. D. Noakes ◽

M. Roodt ◽

F. S. Hough

Keyword(s):

Breaking Strength ◽

Bone Volume ◽

Moderate Exercise ◽

High Turnover ◽

Urinary Hydroxyproline ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Normal Bone ◽

High Turnover Osteoporosis ◽

Long Evans

The role of moderate exercise in the prevention of high-turnover osteoporosis was investigated by the use of an animal model. The effect of chronic training on gravimetric, mineral, physical, and histological parameters of normal bone was also examined. Fifty-six adult female Long-Evans rats were divided into four groups: sedentary (C) and exercising controls (E) and sedentary (O) and exercising osteoporotics (EO). Exercising animals ran 4 h/wk for 1 yr. Two percent NH4Cl added to drinking water induced osteoporosis as shown by significantly lower femoral density and breaking strength and histomorphometrically quantified tibial trabecular bone volume but a normal mineral-to-matrix ratio in the O rats. The development of high-turnover osteoporosis in O rats was confirmed by significantly higher alkaline phosphatase activity (P less than 0.05), urinary hydroxyproline content (P less than 0.01), resorption surfaces (P less than 0.01), and histological parameters of bone formation (P less than 0.01). Exercise prevented all these biochemical, biophysical, and histological abnormalities in the EO group. Exercise had no influence on the density of normal femurs but tended to increase their breaking strength (by 11%) compared with femurs of C rats (P = 0.11).

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Role of cutaneous and proprioceptive inputs in sensorimotor integration and plasticity occurring in the facial primary motor cortex

The Journal of Physiology ◽

10.1113/jp278877 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 598 (4) ◽

pp. 839-851 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Giovanna Pilurzi ◽

Francesca Ginatempo ◽

Beniamina Mercante ◽

Luigi Cattaneo ◽

Giovanni Pavesi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Sensorimotor Integration ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Proprioceptive Inputs

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Changes in Adult Rats’ Testis structure Induced by Hypothyroidism and Alleviating Role of L-Carnitine

International Journal of Human Anatomy ◽

10.14302/issn.2577-2279.ijha-19-3026 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 13-28

Author(s):

Abdelmonem Awad Hegazy ◽

Manal Mohammad Morsy ◽

Rania Said Moawad ◽

Gehad Mohammad Elsayed

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Semen Analysis ◽

Protective Role ◽

The Body ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Fatty Acids Metabolism ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2

Background Hypothyroidism is a metabolic disorder affecting the functions of many tissues in the body including the testis. Testis is rich in the polyunsaturated fatty acids content and lacks strong intrinsic antioxidant system making it prone to such oxidative stress. L-carnitine (LC) regulates long chain fatty acids metabolism; and is considered a valuable antioxidant factor. Aim It was to evaluate the effect of hypothyroidism induced by propylthiouracil (PTU) on rats’ testes and the possible protective role of LC. Methods Forty-eight adult male albino rats were used in this work. The animals were divided into three groups with sixteen animals in each. Group 1 (Control): Animals were kept without medications. Group 2 (PTU-treated): was subjected to administration of PTU; while group 3 (PTU and LC) received both PTU and LC. By the end of the experiment “30 days”, blood samples were taken for hormonal assay; then animals were anaesthetized and sacrificed. Specimens were homogenized for biochemical analysis; epididymal content of each rat was obtained immediately for semen analysis. Testes’ specimens were harvested, prepared and examined by light microscope examination. Results Induced hypothyroidism was noticed to cause histopathological, morphometric and biochemical changes in rat’s testes. LC protected the testicular specimens against such changes; it also improved the seminal quality and quantity as well as testicular structure and biochemistry. Conclusion Hypothyroidism could result in hazards to the structure of testis. Fortunately co-administration of LC might reduce such hazards.

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