The Role of the Contralesional Motor Cortex for Motor Recovery in the Early Days after Stroke Assessed with Longitudinal fMRI

Previously we demonstrated, in rats, that treatment with growth hormone (GH) and rehabilitation, carried out immediately after a motor cortical ablation, significantly improved the motor affectation produced by the lesion and induced the re-expression of nestin in the contralateral motor cortex. Here we analyze cortical proliferation after ablation of the frontal motor cortex and investigate the re-expression of nestin in the contralateral motor cortex and the role of the striatum and thalamus in motor recovery. The rats were subjected to ablation of the frontal motor cortex in the dominant hemisphere or sham-operated and immediately treated with GH or the vehicle (V), for five days. At 1 dpi (days post-injury), all rats received daily injections (for four days) of bromodeoxyuridine and five rats were sacrificed at 5 dpi. The other 15 rats (n = 5/group) underwent rehabilitation and were sacrificed at 25 dpi. GH induced the greatest number of proliferating cells in the perilesional cortex. GH and rehabilitation produced the functional recovery of the motor lesion and increased the expression of nestin in the striatum. In the thalamic ventral nucleus ipsilateral to the lesion, cells positive for nestin and actin were detected, but this was independent on GH. Our data suggest that GH-induced striatal nestin is involved in motor recovery.

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Factors Involved in the Functional Motor Recovery of Rats with Cortical Ablation after GH and Rehabilitation Treatment: Cortical Cell Proliferation and Nestin and Actin Expressions in Striatum and Thalamus

10.20944/preprints201910.0165.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Margarita Heredia ◽

Natalia Rodríguez ◽

Virginia Sánchez Robledo ◽

José María Criado ◽

Antonio de la Fuente ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Cortical Cell ◽

Motor Recovery ◽

The Other ◽

Dominant Hemisphere ◽

Proliferating Cells ◽

Cortical Ablation ◽

Ventral Nucleus ◽

Contralateral Motor

Previously we demonstrated, in rats, that the treatment with growth hormone (GH) and rehabilitation, carried out immediately after a motor cortical ablation, significantly improved the motor affectation produced by the lesion and induced the re-expression of nestin in the contralateral motor cortex. Here we analyze cortical proliferation after ablation of the frontal motor cortex and investigate the re-expression of nestin in the contralateral motor cortex and the role of the striatum and thalamus in motor recovery. The rats were subjected to ablation of the frontal motor cortex in the dominant hemisphere or sham-operated and immediately treated with GH or vehicle (V), for five days. At 1 dpi (days after injury), 5 rats received daily injections (4 days) of bromodeoxyuridine and were sacrificed. The other 15 rats (n = 5 / group) underwent treatment and rehabilitation and were sacrificed at 25 dpi. GH induced the greatest number of proliferating cells in the perilesional cortex. GH and rehabilitation produced the functional recovery of the motor lesion and increased the expression of nestin in the striatum. In the thalamic ventral nucleus ipsilateral to the lesion, cells positive for nestin and actin were detected, but this was independent of GH. Our data suggest that GH-induced striatal nestin is involved in motor recovery.

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The Role of Primary Motor Cortex as a Marker for and Modulator of Pain Control and Emotional-Affective Processing

10.3389/978-2-88945-261-3 ◽

2017 ◽

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Pain Control ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Affective Processing

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Pre-motor versus motor cerebral cortex neuromodulation for chronic neuropathic pain

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-91872-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Igor Lavrov ◽

Timur Latypov ◽

Elvira Mukhametova ◽

Brian Lundstrom ◽

Paola Sandroni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neuropathic Pain ◽

Cerebral Cortex ◽

Motor Cortex ◽

Initial Assessment ◽

Motor Cortex Stimulation ◽

Chronic Neuropathic Pain ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

Stimulation Of

AbstractElectrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex (ESCC) has been used to treat intractable neuropathic pain for nearly two decades, however, no standardized approach for this technique has been developed. In order to optimize targeting and validate the effect of ESCC before placing the permanent grid, we introduced initial assessment with trial stimulation, using a temporary grid of subdural electrodes. In this retrospective study we evaluate the role of electrode location on cerebral cortex in control of neuropathic pain and the role of trial stimulation in target-optimization for ESCC. Location of the temporary grid electrodes and location of permanent electrodes were evaluated in correlation with the long-term efficacy of ESCC. The results of this study demonstrate that the long-term effect of subdural pre-motor cortex stimulation is at least the same or higher compare to effect of subdural motor or combined pre-motor and motor cortex stimulation. These results also demonstrate that the initial trial stimulation helps to optimize permanent electrode positions in relation to the optimal functional target that is critical in cases when brain shift is expected. Proposed methodology and novel results open a new direction for development of neuromodulation techniques to control chronic neuropathic pain.

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119. Role of the Unaffected Hemisphere in Motor Recovery After Stroke: Further Insight from a Serial Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Coregistration Study Enc Bastings, MD, Luis Hernandez, Greg Hammond, Don Gage, Peter Ricci, Yi-Fen Yen, Jason Greenberg, David Good, Tim Pons (all from Winston-Salem, North Carolina

Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair ◽

10.1177/154596839901300199 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 55-55

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

North Carolina ◽

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Motor Recovery ◽

Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽

Resonance Imaging

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Beyond motor recovery after stroke: The role of hand robotic rehabilitation plus virtual reality in improving cognitive function

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience ◽

10.1016/j.jocn.2021.07.053 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 92 ◽

pp. 11-16

Author(s):

Michele Torrisi ◽

Maria Grazia Maggio ◽

Maria Cristina De Cola ◽

Caterina Zichittella ◽

Casella Carmela ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Motor Recovery ◽

Robotic Rehabilitation

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Role of cutaneous and proprioceptive inputs in sensorimotor integration and plasticity occurring in the facial primary motor cortex

The Journal of Physiology ◽

10.1113/jp278877 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 598 (4) ◽

pp. 839-851 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Giovanna Pilurzi ◽

Francesca Ginatempo ◽

Beniamina Mercante ◽

Luigi Cattaneo ◽

Giovanni Pavesi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Sensorimotor Integration ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Proprioceptive Inputs

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2190 Longitudinal changes in EEG power envelope connectivity are proportional to motor recovery in chronic stroke patients

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science ◽

10.1017/cts.2018.92 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (S1) ◽

pp. 17-17

Author(s):

Joseph B. Humphries ◽

David T. Bundy ◽

Eric C. Leuthardt ◽

Thy N. Huskey

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Motor Imagery ◽

Stroke Rehabilitation ◽

Brain Computer Interface ◽

Chronic Stroke ◽

Motor Recovery ◽

Stroke Recovery ◽

Computer Interface ◽

Beta Band ◽

Stroke Patients

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The objective of this study is to determine the degree to which the use of a contralesionally-controlled brain-computer interface for stroke rehabilitation drives change in interhemispheric motor cortical activity. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Ten chronic stroke patients were trained in the use of a brain-computer interface device for stroke recovery. Patients perform motor imagery to control the opening and closing of a motorized hand orthosis. This device was sent home with patients for 12 weeks, and patients were asked to use the device 1 hour per day, 5 days per week. The Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) was performed at 2-week intervals to assess motor function improvement. Before the active motor imagery task, patients were asked to quietly rest for 90 seconds before the task to calibrate recording equipment. EEG signals were acquired from 2 electrodes—one each centered over left and right primary motor cortex. Signals were preprocessed with a 60 Hz notch filter for environmental noise and referenced to the common average. Power envelopes for 1 Hz frequency bands (1–30 Hz) were calculated through Gabor wavelet convolution. Correlations between electrodes were then calculated for each frequency envelope on the first and last 5 runs, thus generating one correlation value per subject, per run. The chosen runs approximately correspond to the first and last week of device usage. These correlations were Fisher Z-transformed for comparison. The first and last 5 run correlations were averaged separately to estimate baseline and final correlation values. A difference was then calculated between these averages to determine correlation change for each frequency. The relationship between beta-band correlation changes (13–30 Hz) and the change in ARAT score was determined by calculating a Pearson correlation. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Beta-band inter-electrode correlations tended to decrease more in patients achieving greater motor recovery (Pearson’s r=−0.68, p=0.031). A similar but less dramatic effect was observed with alpha-band (8–12 Hz) correlation changes (Pearson’s r=−0.42, p=0.22). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The negative correlation between inter-electrode power envelope correlations in the beta frequency band and motor recovery indicates that activity in the motor cortex on each hemisphere may become more independent during recovery. The role of the unaffected hemisphere in stroke recovery is currently under debate; there is conflicting evidence regarding whether it supports or inhibits the lesioned hemisphere. These findings may support the notion of interhemispheric inhibition, as we observe less in common between activity in the 2 hemispheres in patients successfully achieving recovery. Future neuroimaging studies with greater spatial resolution than available with EEG will shed further light on changes in interhemispheric communication that occur during stroke rehabilitation.

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