scholarly journals Genomic surveillance and meningococcal group B vaccine coverage estimates after introduction of the vaccine into the national immunisation programme in the UK

The Lancet ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 389 ◽  
pp. S85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlene Rodrigues ◽  
Carina Brehony ◽  
Ray Borrow ◽  
Andrew Smith ◽  
Robert Cunney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
National Immunisation Programme ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
Meningococcal Group ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Uk

scholarly journals Real-world data on immune responses following heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccination schedule with Pfizer and AstraZeneca vaccines in England

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J Westrop ◽  
Heather J Whitaker ◽  
Annabel A Powell ◽  
Linda Power ◽  
Corinne Whillock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Real World ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
National Immunisation Programme ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Nucleoprotein N

Background There are limited data on immune responses to heterologous COVID–19 immunisation schedules, especially following an extended ≥12–week interval between doses. Methods SARS–CoV–2 infection–naïve and previously–infected adults receiving ChAd–BNT (ChAdOx1 nCoV–19, AstraZeneca followed by BNT162b2, Pfizer–BioNTech) or BNT–ChAd as part of the UK national immunisation programme provided blood samples at 30 days and 12 weeks after their second dose. Geometric mean concentrations (GMC) of anti–SARS–CoV–2 spike (S-antibody) and nucleoprotein (N-antibody) IgG antibodies and geometric mean ratios (GMR) were compared with a contemporaneous cohort receiving homologous ChAd–ChAd or BNT–BNT. Results During March–October 2021, 75,827 individuals were identified as having received heterologous vaccination, 9,489 invited to participate, 1,836 responded (19.3%) and 656 were eligible. In previously–uninfected adults, S–antibody GMC at 30 days post–second dose were lowest for ChAd–ChAd (862 (95%CI, 694– 1069)) and significantly higher for ChAd–BNT (6233 (5522– 7035); GMR 6.29; (5.04– 7.85); p<0.001), BNT-ChAd (4776 (4066– 5610); GMR 4.55 (3.56– 5.81); p<0.001) and BNT–BNT (5377 (4596– 6289); GMR 5.66 (4.49– 7.15); p<0.001). By 12 weeks after dose two, S–antibody GMC had declined in all groups and remained significantly lower for ChAd–ChAd compared to ChAd–BNT (GMR 5.12 (3.79– 6.92); p<0.001), BNT–ChAd (GMR 4.1 (2.96– 5.69); p<0.001) and BNT–BNT (GMR 6.06 (4.32– 8.50); p<0.001). Previously infected adults had higher S–antibody GMC compared to infection–naïve adults at all time–points and with all vaccine schedules. Conclusions These real–world findings demonstrate heterologous schedules with adenoviral–vector and mRNA vaccines are highly immunogenic and may be recommended after a serious adverse reaction to one vaccine product, or to increase programmatic flexibility where vaccine supplies are constrained.

scholarly journals Two centuries of immunisation in the UK (part II)

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Lang ◽  
Sarah Loving ◽  
Noel Denis McCarthy ◽  
Mary Elizabeth Ramsay ◽  
David Salisbury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
National Immunisation Programme ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Public Health Surveillance System ◽  
The Uk

The centrally coordinated response that controlled the polio epidemics of the 1950s through immunisation led to the development of a national immunisation strategy in the UK and the formation of the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) in 1963, which oversees the immunisation programme and advises the UK Department of Health on new vaccine introductions. As a result of technological advances in vaccine development and scientific advances in immunology and microbiology over the 56 years since then, and the formation of a comprehensive public health surveillance system for vaccine-preventable disease, the National Health Service immunisation programme now covers 18 serious diseases of childhood, with an astonishing impact on child health. Here we consider the formation of the JCVI and the development of the national immunisation programme and review the introduction of vaccines over the past half century to defend public health.

Chickenpox: Presentation, transmission, complications and prevention

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 482-485
Author(s):  
Deborah Louise Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
The United States ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Varicella Vaccination ◽  
National Immunisation Programme ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
Routine Childhood ◽  
Vaccination Scheme ◽  
The Uk

Varicella, commonly known as chickenpox is an acute and highly infectious disease, which is caused by the varicella zoster virus Varicella. The two chickenpox vaccines available in the UK are Varilrix and Varivax but are not included in the routine childhood vaccination scheme unless they are immunocompromised ( Gov.uk, 2018 ; PHE, 2019 ). The varicella vaccination has been associated with a dramatic reduction in chickenpox cases in countries such as the United States, where every child can be vaccinated ( Seward et al, 2002 ). Johnston et al (1997) ; however, suggest that approximately 2–3% of patients vaccinated per year can develop a mild form of chickenpox regardless of the vaccine given. The Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (2010) has not recommended it as part of the national immunisation programme but nearly a decade later perhaps it is time to revisit this topic.

scholarly journals Factors associated with PPSV23 coverage among older adults in Japan: a nationwide community-based survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e030197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka Murakami ◽  
Shinichi Kanazu ◽  
Tanaz Petigara ◽  
Mari Saito Oba ◽  
Yuji Nishiwaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Community Based ◽  
National Immunisation Programme ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Out Of Pocket Costs

ObjectivesThe 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) was included in Japan’s national immunisation programme for older adults in 2014. While vaccination coverage has increased following the implementation of the national immunisation programme, little is known about the factors that have influenced changes in PPSV23 uptake in Japan. This study aimed to investigate the effects of municipality-level activities implemented to improve vaccine uptake during the fiscal year 2015 (April 2015–March 2016).DesignCommunity-based national survey. A postal and web-based nationwide survey was sent to all municipalities in Japan in June 2016 (n=1741). The survey included questions regarding PPSV23 coverage, out-of-pocket costs by individuals for vaccination and community-level activities implemented to improve and promote PPSV23 uptake. Municipality-level and prefecture-level variables (eg, unemployment rates, average per capita income) retrieved from published sources were also incorporated to explore the impact of social determinants on vaccine uptake.SettingJapan.ParticipantsMunicipal vaccination officers.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary study outcome was PPSV23 coverage among adults aged 65 years in Japanese municipalities.ResultsA total of 1010 municipalities (58.0%) responded to the survey. The median PPSV23 coverage among responding municipalities was 41.8%. Vaccine coverage increased by 18.7% (16.7%–20.7%)%) in municipalities that sent a direct mail notification to the target population of adults compared with municipalities that did not send any notification. Vaccine coverage decreased by 3.02% (2.4%–3.6%)%) for every 1000 JPY increase in out-of-pocket costs. Municipality-level unemployment rates and average per capita income were negatively associated with PPSV23 coverage.ConclusionsThis nationwide survey provides insight into factors that may influence PPSV23 coverage in Japanese municipalities. Reduced out-of-pocket costs and direct mail notifications to the target population were associated with higher PPSV23 coverage in Japanese municipalities.

scholarly journals Two centuries of immunisation in the UK (part 1)

2019 ◽  
pp. archdischild-2019-317314
Author(s):  
Sarah Lang ◽  
Sarah Loving ◽  
Noel Denis McCarthy ◽  
Mary Elizabeth Ramsay ◽  
David Salisbury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
National Immunisation Programme ◽  
Public Health Agencies ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Uk National Health Service ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The impact of immunisation is best understood through a historical lens, since so many of the diseases which placed a burden on our population have been eliminated or controlled through immunisation. The United Kingdom (UK) National Health Service (NHS), which celebrated its 70thbirthday in 2018, is responsible for delivering the highly successful universal national immunisation programme. However, the first vaccines used in the UK were not part of a centrally coordinated programme until the 1960s. Resources that summarise the first 200 years of immunisation in the UK are not readily accessible. Here we provide a two part chronological insight into the history of the UK immunisation programme from primary sources. In Part I, we highlight the importance of wartime conditions, unprecedented vaccine development, and the polio outbreaks in the in driving developments in immunisation and discuss subsequent changes in the use of the original vaccines of the immunisation programme, namely, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and polio. In Part 2, we discuss the formation of the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation and its role, working with public health agencies and advising the UK Governments on vaccine policy, to bring a comprehensive programme to defend the health of the population against serious infectious diseases, highlighting the importance of programme organisation and leadership.

scholarly journals Mumps epidemic in Portugal despite high vaccine coverage - preliminary report

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 25-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Dias ◽  
M Cordeiro ◽  
M A Afzal ◽  
M G Freitas ◽  
M. R. Morgado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
National Immunisation Programme ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
Northern Portugal ◽  
Health Centres ◽  
Trivalent Vaccine

A measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) trivalent vaccine was added to Portugal's National Immunisation Programme (NIP) in 1987. All vaccines are given at health centres, free of charge, but an epidemic of mumps began in 1995, firstly in northern Portugal and

scholarly journals Rotavirus vaccine impact assessment surveillance in India: protocol and methods

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e024840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayana P Nair ◽  
Samarasimha Reddy N ◽  
Sidhartha Giri ◽  
Venkata Raghava Mohan ◽  
Umesh Parashar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Entry ◽  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Routine Immunisation ◽  
National Immunisation Programme ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
Institutional Ethics ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Vaccine Impact

IntroductionRotavirus infection accounts for 39% of under-five diarrhoeal deaths globally and 22% of these deaths occur in India. Introduction of rotavirus vaccine in a national immunisation programme is considered to be the most effective intervention in preventing severe rotavirus disease. In 2016, India introduced an indigenous rotavirus vaccine (Rotavac) into the Universal Immunisation Programme in a phased manner. This paper describes the protocol for surveillance to monitor the performance of rotavirus vaccine following its introduction into the routine childhood immunisation programme.MethodsAn active surveillance system was established to identify acute gastroenteritis cases among children less than 5 years of age. For all children enrolled at sentinel sites, case reporting forms are completed and a copy of vaccination record and a stool specimen obtained. The forms and specimens are sent to the referral laboratory for data entry, analysis, testing and storage. Data from sentinel sites in states that have introduced rotavirus vaccine into their routine immunisation schedule will be used to determine rotavirus vaccine impact and effectiveness.Ethics and disseminationThe Institutional Review Board of Christian Medical College, Vellore, and all the site institutional ethics committees approved the project. Results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and with stakeholders of the universal immunisation programme in India.

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