Collection systems in coastal cities are often below the groundwater table, leading to groundwater infiltration (GWI) through defects such as cracks and poor lateral connections. Climate-change-induced sea level rise (SLR) will raise groundwater levels, increasing the head and thus the inflow. A method has been developed to predict GWI when groundwater levels change using calibration with sewershed flow monitoring data. The calibration results in a parameter that characterizes the porosity of the collection system. A case study is presented for a coastal city with reliable flow monitoring data for eight days that resulted in a large range of effective defect sizes (minimum 0.0044 to maximum 0.338 radians), however, the range of predicted future GWI in currently submerged pipes varied by only 12% from the mean. The mean effective defect predicts 70 to 200% increases in GWI due to SLR of 0.3 to 0.9 m (1 to 3 ft), respectively, for currently submerged pipes. Predicted additional GWI for pipes that will become submerged due to SLR will increase GWI to values that approach or exceed the current average dry weather flow. This methodology can be used for planning of infrastructure improvements to enhance resiliency in coastal communities.
Environmental Isotope of Radon-222 for Ciliwung River and Shallow Deep Water Interaction Study