Complementary Foods Move Beyond Rice Cereal

Abstract Objectives 1) to estimate the probability of inadequate amino acid intake among infants 9–10 months of age in rural Malawi 2) to evaluate whether dietary amino acid intake or protein quality are associated with length gain from 6 to 12 months of age Methods We assessed total amino acid intake from breast milk and complementary foods in 285 infants. Breast milk intake and complementary foods were estimated using dose-to-mother deuterium oxide dilution method and repeat 4-pass interactive 24-hour recall interviews, respectively. Amino acid composition values were taken from FAO human milk profile, Tanzania Food Composition table and International Minilist. Protein quality was estimated using Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS). Probability of intake below Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for each amino acid was estimated using National Cancer Institute (NCI) method. We estimated protein quality of complementary food using median DIAAS. We assumed a DIAAS of ≥0.75 to represent a diet or food with good protein quality. Relationships between amino acid intake or protein quality with length gain were assessed using regression models. Length was measured at 6 and 12 months of age and length for age z-score (LAZ) velocity was calculated (ΔLAZ/months). Results The probability of inadequate amino acid intake from breast milk and complementary food that included a lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) was 3% for lysine, 0% for tryptophan, threonine, valine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, sulfur containing amino acids (SAA), and aromatic amino acids (AAA). Without LNS, the probability was 7% for lysine and 0–2% for the other amino acids. The median (interquartile range) DIAAS for complementary food with and without LNS was 0.70 (0.28) and 0.64 (0.32), respectively. Dietary amino acid intake and protein quality were not significantly associated with length gain velocity from 6 to 12 months even after adjusting for confounding factors. Conclusions The prevalence of inadequate amino acid intake in 9–10 months old infants in rural Malawi is very low. However, in conditions of frequent clinical or sub-clinical infections this situation may be different. Linear growth at 6–12 months does not appear to be limited by dietary amino acid intake or protein quality in this setting. Funding Sources The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Factors affecting the introduction of complementary foods in the preterm infant

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601336 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 56 (5) ◽

pp. 448-454 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

FJ Norris ◽

MS Larkin ◽

CM Williams ◽

SM Hampton ◽

JB Morgan

Keyword(s):

Preterm Infant ◽

Complementary Foods ◽

Factors Affecting

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Introduction of Complementary Foods for Children with Down Syndrome: Parent and Physician Experiences

Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics ◽

10.1080/01942638.2021.1981514 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Erin Cochran ◽

Katherine Breithaupt ◽

Lauren Williams ◽

Kristi Atkins

Keyword(s):

Down Syndrome ◽

Complementary Foods ◽

Children With Down Syndrome

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Assessment of Quality and Safety of Winged Termites (Macrotermes bellicosus) Enriched Locally Formulated Complementary Foods

Journal of Food Research ◽

10.5539/jfr.v6n5p117 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 117 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Oladejo Thomas Adepoju ◽

Kayode Ajayi

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Quality ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Trace Minerals ◽

Quality And Safety ◽

Edible Insects ◽

Complementary Foods ◽

Internal Organs ◽

Macrotermes Bellicosus ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Histopathological Effects

Addition of edible insects to local staples used as complementary foods can improve their nutrient content. Nutritional quality and safety of Macrotermes bellicosus enriched boiled rice (BR) and yam (BY) complementary foods (CFs) was assessed using rats. Macrotermes bellicosus (MB) were collected, dried, and refrigerated at -4oC. Ground MB was added to BR and BY in ratios 10.0%, 15.0%, 20.0% (w/w) to give BR1, BY1; BR2, BY2, and BR3, BY3 respectively. Nutrient content of MB, BY, BR and MB-enriched CFs were determined by AOAC methods. Nutrient bioavailability and safety of BR3 and BY3 were assessed using rats fed ad libitum for 28 days. Serum trace minerals in the CFs, control and basal diets and histopathological effects of CFs on rats’ organs were determined. Data were analysed using ANOVA at p<0.05. Dried MB contained 31.8g protein, 16.4g fat, 3.8g ash, 227.5mg calcium, 2.1mg iron, 15.0mg zinc, 330.4μg retinol equivalent (RE), and 529.0kcal energy/100g sample. The BR and BY contained 3.7-5.9g protein, 70.0-120mg calcium,4.2-5.6mg iron, 1.2-1.5mg zinc and 380- 386kcal/100g compared with 7.9-15.3g protein, 242.2-264mg calcium, 2.4-4.4mg iron, 15.1-19.8mg zinc and 357-372kcal/100g enriched CFs (p<0.05). Rats Serum trace minerals ranged between 3.4- 4.3mg zinc, 23.4-27.9mg calcium, 30.6-37.0mg iron; and 52.5-56.9μg RE, compared with control (3.2, 22.2, 34.1, 48.2) and basal (2.2, 21.1, 24.0 mg, 32.3 μg) diets respectively (p<0.05). No pathological lesions were observed in internal organs of rats on CF diets. Adding Macrotermes bellicosus to local complementary foods is safe and improved their nutritional quality, hence its use is recommended among mothers.

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Iodine Should Be Routinely Added to Complementary Foods

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/133.9.3008s ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 133 (9) ◽

pp. 3008S-3010S ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

John T. Dunn

Keyword(s):

Complementary Foods

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Nutritional Content and Microbial Quality of Complementary Foods Produced from Blends of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato and Edible Insects

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa052_001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 732-732

Author(s):

Isaac Agbemafle ◽

Doris Hadzi ◽

Francis Amagloh ◽

Francis Zotor ◽

Manju Reddy

Keyword(s):

Sweet Potato ◽

Infant Nutrition ◽

Energy Content ◽

Plate Count ◽

Microbial Quality ◽

Edible Insects ◽

Nutritional Content ◽

Complementary Foods ◽

Steam Cooking ◽

Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato

Abstract Objectives Improved formulations of complementary foods (CFs) with animal-source foods (ASFs) is an eminent strategy to improve infant nutrition, but they are expensive and not readily available in many food insecure settings which are a haven of edible insects. Hence, we developed orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) based CFs supplemented with Cricket or palm weevil larvae (PWL), examined its nutritional content and microbial quality for infant feeding. Methods OFSP roots were sourced from local farmers, peeled, sliced, steam cooked and mechanically dried into OFSP flour. Cricket powder and PWL paste were obtained from commercial producers, steam cooked, and mechanically dried into Cricket/PWL flours. OFSP flour was mixed with either Cricket/PWL flours in the ratios of 100:0 (control), 85:15, 70:30, and 50:50 and used to produce ready-to-eat CFs. The CFs were evaluated for nutrient composition and microbial contamination using standard methods. ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test was used to compare all the formulations to the control. Results There were increase in protein (4.80 to 36.75%), iron (1.26 to 4.38 mg/100 g), zinc (0.69 to 10.65 mg/100 g) and calcium (45.54 to 152.77 mg/100 g) contents of the OFSP-based CFs with increased supplementation with Cricket/PWL flour. The carbohydrate and β-carotene content decreased but the energy content increased with increased supplementation with cricket/PWL flour from 344.52 Kcal/100 g in 100% OFSP CF to 541.09 Kcal/100 g in 50:50 CFs (OFSP: PWL) (P = 0.001). Aerobic mesophilic count (AMC) of the OFSP: Cricket CFs was 60 cfu/g as compared to 1300 cfu/g for the OFSP: PWL CFs. Comparing the OFSP-based Cricket/PWL CFs to the commercial Cricket or PWL, there was 35–331-fold reduction in AMC. Bacillus cereus (BC), aerobic (APC) and anaerobic plate count (NPC) was 0 cfu/g for the OFSP: Cricket CFs. BC, APC and NPC were 100, 260 and 130 cfu/g respectively for the OFSP: PWL CFs. Conclusions Steam cooking, then mechanical drying significantly reduced microbial concentrations in commercial Cricket and PWL to below minimum limits set by the Ghana Standards Authority for CFs requiring heating to boiling before consumption. OFSP-based Cricket/PWL composite flours could be safe viable alternatives as nutritious CFs in countries where they are culturally accepted as food. Funding Sources Nutritional Sciences Council at Iowa State University.

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