scholarly journals Monopole creation operators as confinement–deconfinement order parameters

2003 ◽  
Vol 554 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 146-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.A. Belavin ◽  
M.N. Chernodub ◽  
M.I. Polikarpov
Keyword(s):  
Order Parameters ◽  
Creation Operators

Phase transitions with coupled order parameters

1981 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Anisimov ◽  
E.E. Gorodetskii ◽  
V.M. Zaprudskii
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Order Parameters

Identical Particles and Second Quantization: Occupation Number Representation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman J. Morgenstern Horing
Keyword(s):  
Occupation Number ◽  
Annihilation Operator ◽  
Pauli Exclusion Principle ◽  
Exclusion Principle ◽  
Number Representation ◽  
Second Quantization ◽  
Identical Particles ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Minimum Uncertainty ◽  
Creation Operators

Focusing on systems of many identical particles, Chapter 2 introduces appropriate operators to describe their properties in terms of Schwinger’s “measurement symbols.” The latter are then factorized into “creation” and “annihilation” operators, whose fundamental properties and commutation/anticommutation relations are derived in conjunction with the Pauli exclusion principle. This leads to “second quantization” with the Hamiltonian, number, linear and angular momentum operators expressed in terms of the annihilation and creation operators, as well as the occupation number representation. Finally, the concept of coherent states, as eigenstates of the annihilation operator, having minimum uncertainty, is introduced and discussed in detail.

scholarly journals Liquid Crystal Ordering in the Hexagonal Phase of Rod-Coil Diblock Copolymers

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1262
Author(s):  
Mikhail A. Osipov ◽  
Maxim V. Gorkunov ◽  
Alexander A. Antonov
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Order Parameter ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Diblock Copolymers ◽  
Microphase Separation ◽  
Hexagonal Phase ◽  
Orientational Order ◽  
Order Parameters ◽  
Copolymer Composition ◽  
Rigid Rod

Density functional theory of rod-coil diblock copolymers, developed recently by the authors, has been generalised and used to study the liquid crystal ordering and microphase separation effects in the hexagonal, lamellar and nematic phases. The translational order parameters of rod and coil monomers and the orientational order parameters of rod-like fragments of the copolymer chains have been determined numerically by direct minimization of the free energy. The phase diagram has been derived containing the isotropic, the lamellar and the hexagonal phases which is consistent with typical experimental data. The order parameter profiles as functions of temperature and the copolymer composition have also been determined in different anisotropic phases. Finally, the spatial distributions of the density of rigid rod fragments and of the corresponding orientational order parameter in the hexagonal phase have been calculated.

scholarly journals On the relationship between NMR-derived amide order parameters and protein backbone entropy changes

2015 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 922-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim A. Sharp ◽  
Evan O'Brien ◽  
Vignesh Kasinath ◽  
A. Joshua Wand
Keyword(s):  
Order Parameters ◽  
Protein Backbone ◽  
Entropy Changes ◽  
The Relationship
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