Comparison of the nutritive value for laying hens of diets containing azolla (Azolla pinnata) based on formulation using digestible protein and digestible amino acid versus total protein and total amino acid

Cow, sheep and goat raw milk raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola territories (‘Alto Casertano’, Italy) were characterized (raw proteins, free and total amino acids content) to assess milk quality. Raw milk with the highest total protein content is sheep milk followed by goat and cow milk from both localities. Total amino acid content in cow, goat and sheep raw milk is 4.58, 4.81 and 6.62 g per 100 g, respectively, in which the most abundant amino acid is glutamic acid (~20.36 g per 100 g of proteins). Vice versa, the free amino acids content characteristic profiles are different for each species. In particular, the most abundant free amino acid in cow, sheep and goat raw milk is glutamic acid (9.07 mg per 100 g), tyrosine (4.72 mg per 100 g) and glycine (4.54 mg per 100 g), respectively. In addition, goat raw milk is a source of taurine (14.92 mg per 100 g), retrieved in low amount in cow (1.38 mg per 100 g) and sheep (2.10 mg per 100 g) raw milk. Overall, raw milk from ‘Alto Casertano’ show a high total protein content and are a good source of essential amino acids.

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Dietary Formulation with Cottonseed Meal on a Total Amino Acid Versus a Digestible Amino Acid Basis

Poultry Science ◽

10.3382/ps.0741168 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 74 (7) ◽

pp. 1168-1179 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

SERGIO R. FERNANDEZ ◽

YE ZHANG ◽

CARL M. PARSONS

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Cottonseed Meal ◽

Total Amino Acid ◽

Acid Basis ◽

Acid Versus

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Dietary formulation with rendered spent hen meals on a total amino acid versus a digestible amino acid basis

Poultry Science ◽

10.1093/ps/78.4.556 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 78 (4) ◽

pp. 556-560 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

MW Douglas ◽

CM Parsons

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Total Amino Acid ◽

Acid Basis ◽

Acid Versus ◽

Spent Hen

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Protein Content and Amino Acid Balance of Yams

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v57i1.10757 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 78-83

Author(s):

F. W. Martin ◽

A. E. Thompson

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

High Temperature ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Composition ◽

Protein Content ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Total Protein ◽

Total Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Contents ◽

Amino Acid Balance

The total protein of 38 yam (Dioscorea) cultivars, as tested by Kjeldahl methods, and their amino acid composition, determined by high temperature hydrolysis and GLC chromatography, are reported. Species and varieties differed in total protein and total amino acid contents. Proteins of four species, but not D. alata, were somewhat low in lysine. Proteins of all species were deficient in sulphur-containing amino acids, methionine, and especially cystine. Varietal differences, however, suggest that cultivars can be selected with more balanced protein.

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Nutritive value of mixed proteins

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19770034 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 289-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

A. A. Woodham ◽

P. S. Deans

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Composition ◽

G Protein ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Essential Amino Acid ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Total Amino Acid ◽

Chemical Score

1. Two series of protein feeding-stuffs each consisting of a fish meal, meat-and-bone meal, soya-bean meal, groundnut meal and sunflower-seed meal were analysed for total amino acid composition and evaluated, both individually and combined in all possible pairs, as supplements to cereal-based diets for growing chicks by the total protein efficiency (g weight gain/g protein consumed; TPE) procedure. Each pair of feeding-stuffs provided 120 g supplementary protein/kg diet and the diet was made up so that the relative amounts of protein provided by each of the pair of constituents were (w/w): 120:0, 100:20, 80:40, 60:60, 40:80, 20:100 and 0:120 respectively, in addition to 60 g protein/kg provided by cereals.2. In all but one of the twenty pairs of feeding-stuffs studied the mixtures exhibited a marked synergistic effect in that the TPE value was higher than the appropriately weighted mean of the TPE values obtained with the individual components.3. Neither chemical score ([amount of limiting amino acid/the chick's requirement for the same amino acid] × 100) nor essential amino acid index; geometric mean for the ratio, amount of essential amino acid: the chick's requirement for that amino acid, for all ten essential amino acids) calculated from the amino acid composition of the dietary constituents could be used routinely to predict the results of the chick growth test, although chemical score did parallel the TPE values in some instances. In a number of instances, mixtures containing an apparently less favourable amino acid composition than one of the components of the mixture gave a higher TPE value.4. It seems likely that the relative proportions of a number of amino acids determine the optimum combination of a mixture of proteins. The removal of amino acid deficiencies alone is not sufficient to ensure that a given mixture of proteins produces optimum performance in growing chickens.

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Assessment Of Nutritive Value In Milled Rice Grain Of Some Indian Rice Landraces And Their Molecular Characterization

Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.3329/bjar.v36i3.9265 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 369-380 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S Banerjee ◽

G Chandel ◽

N Mandal ◽

BM Meena ◽

T Saluja

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Protein Content ◽

Total Protein ◽

Essential Amino Acid ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Lysine Content ◽

Milled Rice ◽

Rice Landraces ◽

The Mean

The study was aimed at the evaluation of nutritive values in terms of total protein and some essential amino acid content of a set of 258 diverse rice landraces maintained in the Germplasm Section of Indira Gandhi Agricultural University at Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Protein content of milled grains ranged from 4.91% to 12.08% with the mean of 6.63%. Similarly wide variation was recorded in lysine content which varied from 1.73 to 7.13 g/l6g N, the mean being 4.62 g/I6g N. Grain protein and lysine levels varied two to three folds. Variation for lysine content (CV 23.68%) was higher than that of protein content (CV 12.45%). This clearly indicated the existence of wide genetic variability for protein and lysine contents in rice. Two sets of ten elite lines each containing high levels of protein and lysine were further analyzed separately for another essential amino acid tryptophan. In the set with high protein, the tryptophan levels varied from 0.36-0.88 g/16 g N, the mean being 0.642 g/l6 g N. Among the landraces containing high levels of lysine, the tryptophan content ranged from 0.256 to 0.86 g/16 g N, the average being 0.514. A positive correlation of tryptophan with lysine content (r = 0.076) and a strong negative correlation with total protein content (r = - 0.923) were recorded. Donor lines for breeding rice varieties with optimum protein quality were identified as potential donor parents for genetic improvement of rice for nutritious grains. Fourteen SSR primer sets were used to investigate the level of polymorphism among the ten elite landraces of extra early maturity group. The estimated similarity ranged from 20.18 to 69.00% reflecting much variation at the DNA level. Keywords: Milled rice grain; protein; lysine; tryptophan; nutritive value of rice. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i3.9265 BJAR 2011; 36(3): 369-380

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Role of Gut Flora in the Transfer of Amino Acids Through a Marine Food Chain

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f80-009 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 88-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

W. Fong ◽

K. H. Mann

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Sea Urchin ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Sea Urchins ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Strongylocentrotus Droebachiensis ◽

Gut Contents ◽

Total Amino Acid ◽

Gut Flora

The gut of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis has between 2 × 108 and 6 × 109 bacteria/mL of gut contents. When these bacteria are present, radioactive carbon fed to the urchins as either glucose or cellulose appears in all of the protein amino acids of the gonads. However, when the gut flora is suppressed by a mixture of antibiotics, injection of the sea urchins with radioactive glucose results in the labeling of some of the amino acids (nonessential amino acids) but not others (essential amino acids). These results imply that: (a) sea urchins have the ability to digest cellulose, probably with the aid of the gut flora; (b) intestinal microorganisms can synthesize essential amino acids; and (c) amino acids of microbial origin are available to the sea urchins. The amino acid compositions of (i) kelp (Laminaria longicruris), (ii) sea urchin intestinal microflora, and (iii) sea urchins, were determined over a yearly cycle. The amino acid composition of kelp and microbes were compared as a source of nutrient for the sea urchins, using as indications: overall similarity in compositions, essential amino acid index, and percentage of total amino acid that is essential. All three comparative methods show that the microbial protein is of higher nutritive value than the kelp protein.Key words: amino acids, nitrogen, bacteria, kelp, Laminaria longicruris, sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

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Ultrasonic Extraction for Obtaining IGF-1 from Antler Velvet Residue and Chemical Compositions

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.1309 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 550-553 ◽

pp. 1309-1315

Author(s):

Ran Zhou ◽

Fei Wang ◽

Ming Chang ◽

Hong Kun Yue ◽

Shu Fen Li

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Total Protein ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Total Amino Acid ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Buffer Solution ◽

Pretreatment Condition ◽

Acidic Polysaccharide ◽

Effects Of Ph

In this work, the utilization of ultrasonic technology to extract insulin like growth factor (IGF-1) from antler velvet residue was evaluated. The effects of pH of solvent, the ratio of solvent to sample, extraction temperature and extraction time were investigated through a single factor experiment. The influences of preliminary conditions of supercritical CO2 and co-solvent extraction (SFE) on the activity remaining of IGF-1 in antler velvet residue were discussed. The contents of total protein, total acidic polysaccharide and amino acids were determined, respectively. The results indicate that SFE method has slightly influence on the activity remaining of IGF-1 in antler velvet residue, and the activity remaining of IGF-1 in residue reached 93.68 %. In the optimal pretreatment condition (pH10 buffer solution; the ratio of solvent to sample 20/1 (v/w); extraction temperature 0 °C-35 °C; extraction time 4×15 min), the process yielded 8006.05 ng of IGF-1 per gram antler velvet residue. While the contents of total protein and total acidic polysaccharide were 107.31mg/100mL and 800.7µg/100mL, respectively. Moreover, the total amino acid (TAA) content was up to 120.44mg/100mL and 7 kinds of essential amino acid were 30.08% of the TAA.

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