Yeast Protein as an Easily Accessible Food Source

In recent years, the awareness and willingness of consumers to consume healthy food has grown significantly. In order to meet these needs, scientists are looking for innovative methods of food production, which is a source of easily digestible protein with a balanced amino acid composition. Yeast protein biomass (single cell protein, SPC) is a bioavailable product which is obtained when primarily using as a culture medium inexpensive various waste substrates including agricultural and industrial wastes. With the growing population, yeast protein seems to be an attractive alternative to traditional protein sources such as plants and meat. Moreover, yeast protein biomass also contains trace minerals and vitamins including B-group. Thus, using yeast in the production of protein provides both valuable nutrients and enhances purification of wastes. In conclusion, nutritional yeast protein biomass may be the best option for human and animal nutrition with a low environmental footprint. The rapidly evolving SCP production technology and discoveries from the world of biotechnology can make a huge difference in the future for the key improvement of hunger problems and the possibility of improving world food security. On the market of growing demand for cheap and environmentally clean SPC protein with practically unlimited scale of production, it may soon become one of the ingredients of our food. The review article presents the possibilities of protein production by yeast groups with the use of various substrates as well as the safety of yeast protein used as food.

NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF GRAIN VARIETIES OF SPRING BARLEY OF TATAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE SELECTION

Four varieties and 3 promising lines of spring barley breeding by Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture were studied for grain nutrition to identify the most promising ones. The work was conducted in 2015-2017 in Predkamye Republic of Tatarstan. Grey forest soil, humus content 3.35-3.52 % (GOST 26213-91), alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen 85.0...94.0 mg/kg (by A.H. Kornfield), mobile phosphorus 251...287 and exchangeable potassium 149...167 mg/kg (by Kirsanov; GOST 26207-91). The predecessor is winter rye, the repetition is fourfold, the standard grade is Raushan. It was found that line k-295-12, on average over 3 years, significantly exceeded the standard by 27.77 g in crude protein content; by 20.0 g in digestible protein content and by 7.35 g in digestible protein content per feeding unit. The variability of sugar content in varieties was 30.67 ... 47.0 g, significantly exceeded the standard by 13.33 g variety Tevkech (47.0 g) and by 13.0 g line k-23-13 (46.67 g). The fat content was formed in the standard 19.03 g, varieties Kamashevsky, Endan and lines k-23-23, k-561-13 and k-295-12 exceeded it by 7.47; 5.77; 11.47; 9.84 and 5.67 g, respectively. The exchange energy content in grain ranged from 14.42 MJ of the variety Raushan, to 14.72 MJ of the line k-295-12, with no significant differences between genotypes. In the dry year of 2015, the crude and digestible protein content was 148.0...165.0 and 110.74...118.8 g, respectively, and in 2016 it was 129.00...164.4 and 92.88...118.37 g, respectively. In favorable 2017, the content of crude and digestible protein were lower, the varieties Raushan and Tevkech were characterized by the greatest decrease in crude and digestible protein (65.7 and 67.4 % to the level of 2015). On average over 3 years, the best line was k-295-12 for the set of indicators of grain nutrition

The effectiveness of the use of Sinorhizobium meliloti in the cultivation of variable alfalfa (Medicago varia Mart.)

As a result of three-year studies, we have established a growth in the yield and feed advantages of variable alfalfa in the variants with inoculation of seeds with virulent active strains of rhizobia. The total yield augmentation of green mass in the experimental variants over the three years of alfalfa life were 6.8–13.7 % compared to the control ones. The positive effect of inoculation with virulent active rhizobia strains on the total collection of dry matter was expressed in its increase in experimental conditions by 12.6–21.7 %. The highest yield of green mass, as well as dry matter was obtained in the variant with the inoculation of alfalfa seeds with the main production strain 425. The researched factor has a positive effect on the collection of feed units, digestible protein and feed protein units from 1 ha. The collection of feed units per hectare in the experimental versions increases by 1.1–1.3 times, the collection of digestible protein – by 1.2–1.4 times. The maximum substance of feed units and digestible protein per hectare was observed in the version with seed inoculation with strain 425a. The provision of a feed unit with digestible protein increases by 10.44–18.18 g or by 6.1–10.6 %.

WHITE LUPINE IN FULL-COMPLETE FEEDS

The article is devoted to the current problem of providing rations with a source of protein with a high biological value. Such a source is suggested to be white lupine and products of its processing. Since, white lupine exceeds the protein content of peas, vetch and other legumes by more than 10%. And the significant content of fat in its composition allows, when using it, to reduce or completely abandon the use of sunflower oil in the diet. This favorably distinguishes white lupine from soybean and sunflower meal and cake, as well as partially animal feed, which are currently used as the main sources of fodder protein. This statement is confirmed in our experiments. As a result, it was found that the use of white lupine in the structures of complete feeds can improve the nutritional value of rations. It has a positive effect on the increase in live weight in animals with the inclusion of native white lupine in the structure of the diet in an amount of 10% to 33%, respectively, with a content of lupine in the diet of 20%, the increase in live weight is 95% higher. Provides a decrease in the cost of the resulting complete feed, when lupine is included in its structure in an amount of 10% by 4.35% and with a lupine content of 20%, the cost of 1 kg of compound feed is reduced by 14.49%. The use of white lupine allowed the experimental animals to use the food efficiently. The lowest costs were observed in the 3 test group. Energy costs were lower by 48.80%, crude protein by 47.22% and digestible protein by 51.3%. In the 2 experimental groups, the costs of metabolic energy, crude protein and digestible protein were lower by 25.00%, 26.38% and 39.20, respectively. Thus, the inclusion of white lupine in the structure of the diet helps to improve the nutritional value of rations, to reduce the cost of nutrients and feed, improving the economic indicators of the maintenance of animals.

ANALYSISOF FULL VALUE FEEDING OF MARAL STAGS IN WINTER AND SPRING

The productivecharacteristics of marals largely depend on the level, full value and balance of feeding. Provided these factors are taken into account, marals maximize their genetic potential. The experimental part of the study was carried out on the farm of the SPK PZ “Abayskiy”of the Ust-Koksinskiy District of the Republic of Altai in 2020. The research goal was to evaluate the full value of feeding maral stags in winter and spring period. It was found that the best energy feed was oat grain which contained 0.9 energetic feed units. When evaluating the mineral composi-tion, it may be seen that legume hay is superior to other forages in terms of calcium content. Oat grain contains larger amount of phosphorus, haylage –larger amount of magnesium. The maral stag diet usedin the SPK PZ “Abayskiy”contains mainly cereals (oats). As a result, in terms of energy nutritional value, it exceeds the upper threshold of the standard by 23%. There is phosphorus deficit by 5.2%. The content of digestible protein, sugar and carotene is higher than in the standard by 1.2, 8 and 69%, respectively. It has been found that on a daily basis, roughage (legume hay) is the largest part of the diet -7 kg per head; there is less succulent forage (silage) and less concentrates (oats). It should be noted that this diet for maral stag during the stall period requires adjustment; if possible, the proportion of hay in the diet should be re-duced; the diet should include enriched mineral supple-ments of natural origin.

Influence of new feeding technology of milk dromedary camels on their dairy productivity

The research aims to determine the influence of the new technology of feeding dromedary female camels on their dairy productivity. Milk camels of the I control group were kept in conditions of pasture with supplementary feeding of 3 kg of wheat bran, milk camels of the II experimental group, in addition to the main diet - pasture forage, received additional feeding with 3 kg of concentrated feed, consisting (wt.%): a mixture of grain waste - 50, cotton husk - 10, wheat - 25 and barley - 15 with a total nutritional value of 1.0 feed units, 9.46 megajoule of metabolizable energy and 90.5 g of digestible protein. Studies have shown that the dairy productivity of experimental groups of milk female camels gradually increases from the beginning of the lactation period. For 12 months of the lactation period, the dairy productivity of dairy camels in the control group was 2995.3 liters, in the II experimental group - 3236.2 liters in the III experimental group - 3467.9 liters. The average fat content of camel milk from sucking dromedary female camels, depending on the level of feeding, averages 4.22-4.39%.

POLYETIOLOGY OF NEONATAL GASTROENTERITIS IN CALVES

The work was carried out at the Department of «Animal Diseases and VSE» of the Saratov State Agrarian University named after N.I. Vavilov, as well as in JSC «Meliorator» and JSC «Trudovaya»of the Marksovsky district of the Saratov region. The effect of insufficient feeding on the level of amino acids in the blood and colostrum and the effect of these factors on the incidence of diarrhea in calves has been established. With less complete and monotonous feeding (below the norm of feed units by 8.2 %, digestible protein by 44.2 %, calcium by 15.5 % and phosphorus by 50.9 %), there is a significant decrease in lysine, serine, alanine, tryptophan, methionine, valine, phenylalanine, leucine+ isoleucine, threonine, cystine+cysteine, arginine, histidine and tyrosine, and the amount of glycine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid decreases by a statistically unreliable amount. In cows that were in the stable period on a more complete feed diet, the content of free amino acids in the blood is lower in the month before calving by an average of 6.8 % and immediately after calving by 11.1 % than in the blood of cows 5-7 months before calving. In animals that were in the stable period on a less complete feed diet, the content of free amino acids in the blood is lower by an average of 18.4 % a month before calving and by 30 % immediately after calving than in the blood of cows 5-7 months before calving. The content of free amino acids in the blood of cows of the farm «prosperous» for diarrhea is higher than in the blood of cows of the farm «dysfunctional» for the disease.

Methods of improvement of degraded haymaking fields in the forest-steppe of the Ob river region

The results of investigations on the formation of high-yielding haymaking fields with the sowing of perennial legumes with different methods of processing the sod of degraded hayfields have been presented in the paper. The purpose of the work was to determine the most effective methods that contribute to increasing the yield and feed quality of degraded haymaking. The most effective methods that contribute to increasing the yield, feed quality and productive longevity of degraded haymaking have been determined. The content of perennial legumes in the herbage was registered: in the variant with plowing of turf it was 88 %, with milling – 80, with disking – 70 %. The highest yield has been obtained on the variant with the radical improvement 17,3 t/ha herbage and 3,64 t/ha of dry weight, which exceeded the indicators of the control variant by 3,6 times. It has been revealed that with the radical improvement of degraded haymaking (plowing + disking), the yield of feed units reached 1,74 t/ha, digestible protein – 0,25 t/ha, the amount of digestible protein per 1 feed unit was 140 g. These indicators during the sod disking were: 1,55 t/ha, 0,22 t/ha and 135 g, respectively. When strip-seeding of perennial legumes, the variant with the width of the treated strip of 60 cm has been distinguished. The collection of feed units amounted to 1,61 t/ha, of digestible protein – 0,18 t/ha. In the control variant (degraded haymaking), the collection of feed units was 0,38 t/ha, of digestible protein-0,025 t/ha. An economic assessment of the methods of improving degraded haymaking has shown that strip sowing of perennial legumes turned out to be the most effective method of improvement in the forest-steppe zone in Western Siberia. The net income depending on the option of strip sowing amounted to 3751–4278 rubles/ha, the level of profitability – 71–87 %. During the radical improvement, the economic indicators were slightly lower – 3959 rubles/ha and 57 %, respectively.

The effect of new forms of micro-fertilizers on the yield and quality of white lupine

The limiting factor of yield is often the insufficient supply of plants with nutrients during the growing season. In this regard, it is necessary to find new techniques that provide a solution to this problem. The article presents the results of studies of micro-fertilizers on the yield and quality of white lupine grain. The use of Aquamix ST fertilizers and potassium Metaborate contributed to an increase in the yield of white lupine grain by an average of 37.5 and 35.4%. In all variants of applying Aquamix ST, an increase in the protein content in the white lupine grain of the Pilgrim variety was found. The excess over the control varied from 5.0 to 5.8 %. The use of Aquamix ST and potassium Metaborate on vegetative plants reduced the alkaloid content of lupin grain by 24.7 … 34.6%. Treatment of white lupine crops in the budding phase with Aquamix ST and potassium Metaborate increased the carotene content in the grain by 34.3 - 25.0%, respectively. The analysis of the data showed that the maximum amount of lysine and carotene was characterized by a variant that includes pre-sowing treatment of seeds with Aquamix ST and subsequent treatment of vegetating plants in the budding phase. On average, over the years of research, the use of micro and macro fertilizers led to an increase in feed units and digestible protein with the yield of lupine grain. More valuable in terms of feed were the options that combine high yield with high grain quality. The greatest collection of digestible protein of 1.26 t/ha, feed units of 6.0 t/ha and exchange energy of 54.8 GJ/ha was provided by Aquamix ST in the variant with pre-sowing seed treatment and two treatments for vegetation. Potassium metaborate, used for the treatment of vegetative plants in the budding phase, showed almost the same results.

Consumption and use of the main nutrients of the ration when crossbreeding cattle of Kazakh White-headed and Hereford breeds

Crossbreeding in cattle contributes to the production of crossbred young animals, which due to enriched heredity have the potential for intensive growth and achieving a high level of beef productivity. The purpose of the work was to study the infl uence of crossbreeding of cattle of Kazakh White-headed and Hereford breeds on the efficiency of consumption and use of the main nutrients of the ration by steers, heifers and castrated steers. For the experiment, 3 groups of heifers and 6 groups of steers of the following genotypes have been formed: the 1st Kazakh White-headed, the 2nd – 1/2 Hereford×1/2 Kazakh White-headed, the 3rd – 3/4 Kazakh White-headed×3/4 Hereford. At the age of 3 months half of the steers were castrated. It has been found that purebred animals were inferior to crossbreds from the crossbreeding of cattle of Kazakh White-headed and Hereford breeds. For example, during the rearing period, purebred animals of Kazakh White-headed breed consumed 2638,8– 3272,1 feed units and 2674,8–3549,2 EFU, crossbreds of the genotype 1/2 Hereford×1/2 Kazakh White–headed – 2811,6–3389,2 feed units and 2836,4–3640,1 EFU, crossbreds of the genotype 3/4 Kazakh White-headed×3/4 Hereford – 2749,2–3332,1 feed units and 2764,3–3332,0 EFU, metabolic energy, respectively, by genotypes – 26 748,1–35 492,1 MJ, 28 364,2 – 36 401,2 MJ and 27 643,1–35 941,9 MJ, digestible protein – 246,0–344,2 kg, 296,1–356,9 kg and 289,2–350,5 kg, crude protein-350,9–451,4 kg, 365,2–466,8 kg and 362,1–460,5 kg. The crossbreeding of cattle of Kazakh White-headed and Hereford breeds had a certain influence on the studied indicators. Thus, the best indicators of the efficiency of consumption and use of the main nutrients of the ration among steers, heifers and castrated steers were distinguished by half-blood crossbreds. At the same time, the largest amount of consumption of all nutrients in the ration was distinguished by steers, the smallest – heifers, castrated steers occupied an intermediate position.