Envy manifestations and personality disorders

SummaryPersonality disorders are frequently associated with socially unacceptable behaviours that might not be always considered deviant. On the other hand, envy has been linked with various forms of maladjustment such as interpersonal conflicts, low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, aggressiveness, and even criminal behaviour such as vandalism and even murder. According to the DSM-IV, none of the personality disorders, except the narcissistic personality, is formally associated with envy. Nevertheless, this ‘deadly sin’ is so omnipresent in human relationships that it cannot be restricted only to the narcissistic personalities. Most scholars recognise that people would deny that they envy someone else since envy is socially considered as highly undesirable; verbal reports are expected to be biased. To circumvent this difficulty, a projective questionnaire is proposed. We constructed two questionnaires: a direct version (DV) and an indirect version (IV). The sample consisted of 786 students from high school and university. Results suggest that the indirect version provides a more accurate assessment of envy.

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Identifying the unique and common characteristics among the dsm-iv antisocial, borderline, and narcissistic personality disorders

Comprehensive Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0010-440x(98)90036-0 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 39 (5) ◽

pp. 277-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Daniel J Holdwick ◽

Mark J Hilsenroth ◽

Frank D Castlebury ◽

Mark A Blais

Keyword(s):

Personality Disorders ◽

Narcissistic Personality ◽

Dsm Iv

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Narcissism and the Self as Continuum: Correlations with Assertiveness and Hypercompetitiveness

Imagination Cognition and Personality ◽

10.2190/29jh-9gdf-hc4a-02we ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 249-259 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

P. J. Watson ◽

Ronald J. Morris ◽

Liv Miller

Keyword(s):

Self Esteem ◽

Personality Inventory ◽

Zero Order ◽

The Self ◽

The Other ◽

Narcissistic Personality ◽

Narcissistic Personality Inventory ◽

Partial Correlations

In a sample of 596 undergraduates, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) and its factors were correlated with self-esteem, assertiveness, and hypercompetitiveness. In zero-order data, assertiveness, narcissism, and hypercompetitiveness all displayed direct intercorrelations. Partial correlations controlling for self-esteem and for the NPI factors uncovered more specific linkages of assertiveness with self-esteem and healthier narcissism and of hypercompetitiveness with maladjusted narcissism. These outcomes conformed with recent suggestions that conscious representations of the self can be arranged along a continuum defined by healthy self-esteem at one extreme and by maladjusted narcissism at the other.

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Use of the MMPI-2 Personality Disorder Scales in the Assessment of DSM-IV Antisocial, Borderline, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders

Assessment ◽

10.1177/107319119700400205 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 155-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Frank D. Castlebury ◽

Mark J. Hilsenroth ◽

Leonard Handler ◽

Thomas W. Durham

Keyword(s):

Personality Disorder ◽

Personality Disorders ◽

Narcissistic Personality Disorder ◽

Diagnostic Efficiency ◽

Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽

Narcissistic Personality ◽

Scale Scores ◽

Cluster B Personality Disorders ◽

Dsm Iv ◽

Personality Disorder Scales

This study explored the diagnostic utility of the MMPI-2 Personality Disorder (MMPI-2 PD) scales to correctly classify three Cluster B Personality Disorders (Antisocial, Borderline, and Narcissistic Personality Disorder). Classification was compared against the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) chart diagnoses checked for interrater agreement. MMPI-2 PD scale scores for 53 outpatients diagnosed with a Cluster B Personality Disorder were contrasted with an Other Personality Disorder group ( n = 20) and a nonclinical population ( n = 67). Scores for both the overlapping and nonoverlapping scales of the MMPI-2 PD scales were used in calculating diagnostic efficiency statistics. In support of past findings, results suggest the MMPI-2 PD scales should be used conservatively; they are best at screening for presence or absence of a personality disorder, identifying members of personality disorder clusters, and identifying negative occurrences of specific personality disorders or personality disorder clusters. Findings endorse the use of both versions of the Antisocial Personality Disorder scale and the overlapping version of the Borderline Personality Disorder scale. Use of the Narcissistic Personality Disorder scales is recommended for negative predictive power values only. A multimodal approach is recommended, whereby assessment measures may be used conjointly to improve diagnostic efficiency.

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Identifying Narcissistic Personality Disorders in Preadolescents

The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/070674379604100604 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 343-349 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jean-Marc Guilé

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Personality Disorders ◽

Age Group ◽

Diagnostic Systems ◽

Narcissistic Personality ◽

Age Related ◽

High Concordance ◽

Dsm Iv

Objective: To establish whether consensus exists among 3 diagnostic systems that outline criteria for narcissistic personality disorders (NPDs) in children (Kernberg), in adolescents (Bleiberg), and in adults primarily (DSM-IV) and to identify age-related criteria for preadolescents. Method: A comparative analysis was used to determine the rate of concordance for the 9 DSM-IV criteria for NPD. Results: There is a high concordance among the 3 systems for DSM criteria, suggesting that NPD can be identified among preadolescents. Conclusion: Preliminary ways of adapting DSM-IV criteria for NPD in this age group are discussed.

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Can the Academic Self-Concept be Positive and Realistic?

Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie ◽

10.1024/1010-0652.19.3.132 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 129-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Reimer Kornmann

Keyword(s):

Academic Performance ◽

Opposite Effect ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Point Of View ◽

The Other ◽

Self Concept ◽

High Ability ◽

Self Image ◽

Other Hand

Summary: My comment is basically restricted to the situation in which less-able students find themselves and refers only to literature in German. From this point of view I am basically able to confirm Marsh's results. It must, however, be said that with less-able pupils the opposite effect can be found: Levels of self-esteem in these pupils are raised, at least temporarily, by separate instruction, academic performance however drops; combined instruction, on the other hand, leads to improved academic performance, while levels of self-esteem drop. Apparently, the positive self-image of less-able pupils who receive separate instruction does not bring about the potential enhancement of academic performance one might expect from high-ability pupils receiving separate instruction. To resolve the dilemma, it is proposed that individual progress in learning be accentuated, and that comparisons with others be dispensed with. This fosters a self-image that can in equal measure be realistic and optimistic.

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Factors of Impulsivity and Cluster B Personality Dimensions

Journal of Individual Differences ◽

10.1027/1614-0001/a000237 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 203-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christopher M. Lootens ◽

Christopher D. Robertson ◽

John T. Mitchell ◽

Nathan A. Kimbrel ◽

Natalie E. Hundt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Personality Disorders ◽

The Other ◽

Diagnostic Classification ◽

Personality Dimensions ◽

Cluster B Personality Disorders ◽

Classification And Treatment

Abstract. The goal of the present investigation was to expand the literature on impulsivity and Cluster B personality disorders (PDs) by conceptualizing impulsivity in a multidimensional manner. Two separate undergraduate samples (n = 223; n = 204) completed measures of impulsivity and Cluster B dimensions. Impulsivity was indeed predictive of Cluster B dimensions and, importantly, each PD scale exhibited a unique impulsivity profile. Findings for borderline PD scores were highly consistent across samples and strongly and positively associated with urgency and lack of perseverance, as expected. Findings for the other PD dimensions also exhibited a fair amount of consistency. Implications of these findings for diagnostic classification and treatment are discussed.

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Narcissism and Perceived Inequity in Attractiveness in Romantic Relationships

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027/1016-9040/a000025 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 295-302 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Elke Rohmann ◽

Hans-Werner Bierhoff ◽

Martina Schmohr

Keyword(s):

Romantic Relationships ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Gender Effect ◽

Dyadic Analysis ◽

Dyadic Data ◽

Actor Partner Interdependence Model ◽

Narcissistic Personality ◽

Intraclass Correlations ◽

Narcissistic Personality Inventory ◽

Additional Variance

In three studies of romantic relationships (N = 253, N = 81, and N = 98) the hypothesis was tested that high narcissists, relative to low narcissists, distort the assessment of equity in attractiveness. Narcissism was measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. In Study 1 the hypothesis was confirmed. In Study 2 it was shown that although narcissism correlated significantly with self-esteem, it was the unique variance in narcissism which predicted the tendency to feel underbenefited in respect to attractiveness. Finally in Study 3, dyadic data were analyzed on the basis of the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model. The data of 49 couples who lived together were included. The dyadic analysis indicated that actor narcissism exerted the expected influence on perceived inequity in attractiveness, whereas partner narcissism explained no additional variance. High narcissists felt more underbenefited than low narcissists. The analysis of dyadic data in Study 3 indicates that the link between narcissism and equity in attractiveness turns out to be an intrapersonal phenomenon because only actor narcissism, not partner narcissism, is significantly correlated with perceived inequity. In addition, partial intraclass correlations revealed that if one partner tended to feel underbenefited, the other partner tended to feel overbenefited. The results are explained on the basis of the agentic model of narcissism. All three studies consistently revealed a gender effect indicating that women felt more underbenefited than men in terms of attractiveness.

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