Identification of major soluble salivary gland proteins in teneral Glossina morsitans morsitans

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1045-1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Haddow ◽  
B. Poulis ◽  
L.R. Haines ◽  
R.H. Gooding ◽  
S. Aksoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Glossina Morsitans

Trypanosome infections and survival in tsetse

Parasitology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 116 (S1) ◽  
pp. S23-S28 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Maudlin ◽  
S. C. Welburn ◽  
P. J. M. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Vectorial Capacity ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Rhodesiense ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Differential Effects

SummaryThe effect of trypanosome infection on vector survival was observed in a line of Glossina morsitans morsitans selected for susceptibility to trypanosome infection. The differential effects of midgut and salivary gland infections on survival were examined by exposing flies to infection with either Trypanosoma congolense which colonizes midgut and mouthparts or Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense which colonizes midgut and salivary glands. A comparison of the survival distributions of uninfected flies with those exposed to infection showed that salivary gland infection significantly reduces tsetse survival; midgut infection had little or no effect on the survival of tsetse. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the vectorial capacity of wild flies.

Effects of Tsetse (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw.) (Diptera: Glossinidae) Salivary Gland Homogenate on Coagulation and Fibrinolysis

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (02) ◽  
pp. 743-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R Parker ◽  
Michael J Mant
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Anticoagulant Activity ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Antithrombotic Agent ◽  
Protamine Sulphate ◽  
Esterolytic Activity ◽  
And Storage

SummaryThe saliva of the tsetse, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, has antithrombin anticoagulant activity and inhibits thrombin’s esterolytic activity. It has no other detectable anticoagulant properties. The anticoagulant elutes in a single peak on Sephadex fraction, is immediately acting, heat and storage stable, and has a molecular weight of 11-13,000. Unlike heparin it is not neutralized by protamine sulphate or toluidine blue and does not require the co-factor, antithrombin III, for optimal anticoagulant activity. It has similar properties to hirudin, but does not elute with a protein peak upon Sephadex fractionation and has a slightly different molecular weight. Salivary gland homogenates contained neither a plasminogen activator nor fibrinolytic activity. The sera of rabbits used to maintain tsetses, which contained precipitating antibodies against saliva, did not neutralize the salivary anticoagulant in vitro. The properties of this anticoagulant suggest that it might be a potentially useful antithrombotic agent in man.

Serological responses in rabbits used to maintain uninfected, laboratory-reared tsetses (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood) (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Immunological Reaction ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Anamnestic Response ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Antigen Antibody

Antibodies, reacting with homogenatesof salivary glands, were produced in rabbits exposed to Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood. Precipitating antibodies and high titres of haemagglutinating antibodies occurred in all exposed rabbits. Precipitating antibodies, identified using immunoelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion, and precipitin ring tests, developed within 11 days of exposure. As many as seven antigen–antibody precipitin arcs were identified using immunoelectrophoresis. All precipitating antigens in the salivary glands had molecular weights greater than 25 000 (determined by Sephadex gel filtration); the salivary gland anticoagulant was not shown to be antigenic. No precipitating immunological reaction occurred between rabbit sera and tsetse hindguts or midguts. Titres of sera from rabbits receiving a second exposure to tsetses, following a period of no exposure, followed an anamnestic response.

Effects of host anemia, local skin factors, and circulating antibodies upon biology of laboratory reared Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 2393-2401 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Parker ◽  
R. H. Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Local Resistance ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Local Skin ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Longevity ◽  
Circulating Antibodies

Longevity, productivity, and pupal weights, but not emergence from pupae, were lower in Glossina morsitans morsitans females maintained on previously exposed rabbits than in those maintained on naive rabbits. Male and female longevity and pupal weight, but not female productivity or emergence from pupae, were lower in flies maintained on the previously exposed ear than in those maintained on the naive ear of the same rabbit. Intensity of local resistance varied among rabbits. Flies fed more efficiently (i.e. larger meals and fewer probes) from ears than from backs of rabbits. Longevity, productivity, and pupal weight were not influenced by feeding flies on ears, on backs, or on both. Mortality was greater in lighter flies than in heavier ones during the first 20 days after eclosion if the flies were fed on rabbits' backs. Naturally produced circulating antibodies, which react with tsetse salivary gland homogenates, did not affect tsetse longevity, female productivity, or pupal weight. Flies maintained on anemic rabbits produced lighter pupae than did controls. Implications for colony maintenance and possible mechanisms of acquired host resistance are discussed.

Digestive processes of haematophagous insects. XII. Secretion of trypsin and carboxypeptidase B by Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Trypsin Activity ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Carboxypeptidase B ◽  
Positive Correlation

There was a significant positive correlation between protein content and the amounts of trypsin and carboxypeptidase B (CPB) in the digestive portion of the midgut of Glossina morsitans morsitans, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after feeding on a rabbit. CPB and trypsin activity were also positively correlated. Trypsin and CPB production were stimulated, to varying degrees, by bovine serum albumin (BSA), α-globulin, β-globulin, γ-globulin, and haemoglobin; the greatest response was to BSA. Peptides derived from BSA by trypsin cleavage also stimulated production of trypsin and CPB.

Turbulent plumes of heat, moist heat, and carbon dioxide elicit upwind anemotaxis in tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 1149-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
W G Evans ◽  
R H Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Upwind Flight ◽  
Moist Heat ◽  
Heated Air

The roles and interactions of turbulent plumes of heat, moist heat, and carbon dioxide in mediating upwind flight of adult tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood) were investigated using a wind tunnel in a constant-environment chamber. Heat fluctuations in the plume that were detected by a thermocouple and displayed as oscilloscope traces allowed direct visualization of the structures of the plumes. Significantly more flies flew upwind when exposed to plumes of (i) carbon dioxide (0.0051% above background) and air (58% relative humidity) compared with air alone; (ii) carbon dioxide and heated air (35% relative humidity and temperature fluctuating up to 0.09°C above background) compared with carbon dioxide and air; and (iii) carbon dioxide and moist (82% relative humidity) heated air (temperature fluctuating up to 0.05°C above background) compared with carbon dioxide and heated air. However, there were no significant differences in upwind flight of flies exposed to plumes of (i) air compared with humidified air (65% relative humidity); (ii) carbon dioxide and heated air compared with heated air alone; and (iii) carbon dioxide and moist heated air compared with moist heated air alone. Recorded temperature fluctuations in heat plumes transported downwind from a tethered steer in a pasture showed patterns similar to those produced in the wind-tunnel plumes. These results suggest that host emissions of carbon dioxide alone and combined heat and moisture carried downwind by low-velocity winds elicit upwind anemotaxis in tsetse flies, which distinguish these emissions from a background of lower atmospheric levels.

Responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odour-baited trees

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Model Trees ◽  
Clear Effect

AbstractField studies in Zimbabwe elucidated how trees might be enhanced as baits for controlling Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen. Catches from electrocuting devices at the bases of trees were near nil when sampling tsetse flies landing on the trunk but much greater when sampling them flying within 1 m of the trunk. Catches increased 5–8 times when 2 m2 of the trunk were blackened and given odour of acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-n-propyl phenol and 4-methyl phenol, but were still only ca. 30% of the catches from an odour-baited, free-standing, 1 × 1 m screen of black cloth. The upright trunk of real and model trees hindered their attractiveness but leaves and branches 5 m above ground had no clear effect. Real and artificial stumps of trees were as effective as the screen if they were 1 m2, compact and sharply outlined. The practical and biological implications of the results are discussed, with particular reference to the use of insecticide-treated netting with modified tree stumps as baits for control.

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