Biphasic carbonylation of vinyl aromatic compounds using novel water-soluble Pd catalyst: activity, selectivity and mechanistic studies

2002 ◽  
Vol 181 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 221-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Jayasree
2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (22) ◽  
pp. 7717-7731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joo-Eun Jee ◽  
Siegfried Eigler ◽  
Frank Hampel ◽  
Norbert Jux ◽  
Maria Wolak ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Roy U. Rojas Wahl ◽  
Liansheng Zeng ◽  
Stephen A. Madison ◽  
Richard L. DePinto ◽  
Brian J. Shay

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Tao He ◽  
John F. Hartwig

Abstract Small, strained rings have rigid, defined conformations and unique electronic properties. For these reasons, many groups seek to use these subunits to form biologically active molecules. We report a generally applicable approach to attach small rings to a wide range of aromatic compounds by palladium-catalyzed α-arylation of cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and azetidinyl esters. The direct α-arylation of cyclopropyl esters and cyclobutyl esters is achieved in high yield by ensuring that the rate of coupling exceeds the rate of Claisen condensation. The α-arylation of azetidines is achieved without ring opening of the strained saturated heterocycle by conducting the reactions with an azetidine derivative bearing a benzyl protecting group on nitrogen. Mechanistic studies show that the α-arylation of small rings is challenging because of the weak acidity of α C-H bond (cyclopropanes), strong sensitivity of the strained esters to Claisen condensation (cyclobutatanes), or facile decomposition of the enolates (azetidinyl esters).


2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (14) ◽  
pp. 5304-5310 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. D. Bandara ◽  
D. Jin ◽  
M. A. Mantell ◽  
K. D. Field ◽  
A. Wang ◽  
...  

The systematic development of pyridine-type ligands and electrophilic amination reagents is described, which promote aromatic Pd catalyzed, non-directed C–H aminations.


2007 ◽  
pp. 386-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Jin ◽  
Rong Li ◽  
Huanling Wang ◽  
Hangning Chen ◽  
Kun Liang ◽  
...  

2003 ◽  
Vol 58 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela Käthe Jooné ◽  
Johan Dekker ◽  
Constance Elizabeth Jansen van Rensburg

A unique process has been developed to convert bituminous coal by controlled wet oxidation followed by base treatment to a water-soluble humate called oxihumate. The effects of oxihumate on the proliferative response of lymphocytes has been studied in vitro and ex vivo. Oxihumate increased the proliferative response of phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes, from a concentration of 20 μg/ml and upwards. This response was even more striking in the case of lymphocytes from HIV-infected patients and was not limited to the in vitro setting since similar effects were observed ex vivo following administration of a nontoxic dosage of 4 g oxihumate per day to HIV-positive individuals for two weeks. Mechanistic studies revealed that stimulation of the proliferative response of lymphocytes by oxihumate is associated with an increased production of IL-2, as well as expression of the IL-2 receptor in the setting of decreased production of IL-10. Oxihumate therefore holds promise for the treatment of immunocompromized patients.


Author(s):  
И.А. Щурова ◽  
Н.А. Алексеева ◽  
С.В. Сысолятин ◽  
В.В. Малыхин

Статья посвящена усовершенствованию способа получения 2,4,6-тригидрокситолуола, востребованного химического реагента в синтезе азокрасителей и пигментов, а также химико-фармацевтических препаратов и различных полимеров. Основным сырьем для его получения является 2,4,6-тринитротолуол, который подвергают каталитическому гидрированию с последующим гидролизом образовавшегося 2,4,6-триаминотолуола. В данной работе предложены условия многоциклового использования палладиевого катализатора гидрирования 2,4,6-тринитротолуола, позволяющие сохранять активность катализатора и повысить выход 2,4,6-триаминотолуола выше 98 %. Аминопроизводное выделяется в виде дисульфата действием концентрированной серной кислоты. Кроме того, изучено влияние соотношения вода/дисульфат 2,4,6-триаминотолуола на выход 2,4,6-тригидрокситолуола; найдены условия, в которых выход на стадии гидролиза увеличен до 83-84 %. Проведен сравнительный анализ различных способов выделения 2,4,6-тригидрокситолуола из реакционной массы. The paper is concerned with upgrading the synthetic method for 2,4,6-trihydroxytoluene, an in-demand chemical reactant in the synthesis of azo-dyes and pigments, as well as chemical pharmaceuticals and various polymers. The basic feedstock for the synthesis thereof is 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is subjected to catalytic hydrogenation followed by hydrolysis of the resulting 2,4,6-triaminotoluene. Here we suggest conditions for the multicycle use of Pd catalyst employed for the hydrogenation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which allow the catalyst activity to be retained and the yield of 2,4,6-triaminotoluene to be enhanced above 98%. The amino derivative is liberated as the disulfate by concentrated sulfuric acid. Moreover, we examined how the ratio of water / 2,4,6-triaminotoluene disulfate influences the yield of 2,4,6-trihydroxytoluene. Conditions were found in which the yield from hydrolysis is 83-84 %. Different methods for the isolation of 2,4,6-trihydroxytoluene from the reaction mixture were comparatively analyzed.


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