United States – Customs User Fee (L/6264, BISD 35S/245)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1729-1774
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
User Fee

A stormwater user fee model for operations and maintenance in small cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-290
Author(s):  
Fabiane Andressa Tasca ◽  
Alexandra Rodrigues Finotti ◽  
Roberto Fabris Goerl
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Single Class ◽  
Main Method ◽  
Funding Model ◽  
Impervious Area ◽  
Operations And Maintenance ◽  
User Fee

Abstract In this paper, a stormwater fee specifically for small municipalities was developed through a simplification of the Equivalent Residential Unit (ERU) system, which is the main method applied in the United States. The Simplified ERU is based on the amount of impervious area and the fee considers the operations and maintenance costs, besides having a single class of billing. It was applied in Santo Amaro da Imperatriz city, located in the southern region of Brazil, which can be classified as a small city. The value of the Simplified ERU (294.32 m2) was similar to the average impervious area in the United States (269.42 m2) and it was equivalent to $0.28 per square meter (within the range of other countries' fees). The method proved to be a feasible and rapid technique for funding stormwater services, and its simplicity allows its application in different locations. This funding model can generate revenue to address current stormwater problems, such as the lack of funding for existing drainage infrastructure, and contribute to downstream flooding reduction. This paper also intends to encourage discussion about the methods for designing a stormwater fee in the academic community, which is still incipient.

Patterns and Policy Choices in Infrastructure History: The United States, France, and Great Britain

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles D. Jacobson ◽  
Joel A. Tarr
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Service Delivery Systems ◽  
User Fee ◽  
National Styles ◽  
Electrical Supply

The United States, England, and France have used a variety of forms to deliver urban services and infrastructures over time. Historically, government has been the dominant factor in the delivery of infrastructures for which no user fee is charged, whereas a variety of forms have been followed when there are user fees. This article examines changing forms of service delivery systems in the areas of water supply, mass transportation, and electrical supply in the three nations. Alterations in the form of delivery have been shaped by institutional and cultural factors and unique national styles. All three nations have moved in the direction of privatization of service delivery, but their experience shows that although privatization can reduce government's role in areas where it is poorly suited, proper oversight and maintenance of competition are vital functions.

scholarly journals ADVANCES IN THE REVIEW OF GENERIC DRUG APPLICATIONS BY UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, A REGULATORY PERSPECTIVE IN THE ERA OF GDUFA (GENERIC DRUG USER FEE AMENDMENT 2012)

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-61
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Kanth Maddela ◽  
Insukh Oh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drug User ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Generic Drug ◽  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Drug Application ◽  
United States Food ◽  
States Food ◽  
User Fee

A regulatory process, by which a person/organization/sponsor/innovator gets authorization to launch a drug in the market, is known as drug approval process. The United States - Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA) has its own regulatory strategy to approve and allow generic drugs in to the market, which is named as Generic Drug Submission Review. FDA would like to slash the review time of generic drug application without compromising the quality and efficacy of proposed generic drugs for the intended use and to make them available to consumers in short time as possible. FDA has introduced Generic Drug User Fee program to supplement appropriate funding for resource management to ensure that consumers continue to receive the significant benefits offered by generic drugs. The purpose of this article is to present a concise overview about Generic Drug User Fee program and the recent advances in Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) review process.

Application of a Simple Cold Stub to the Direct Observation of Frozen Hydrated Sand

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 212-213
Author(s):  
John M. Wehrung ◽  
Richard J. Harniman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Organic Debris ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Water Tables ◽  
Permeable Rock ◽  
Natural Means

Water tables in aquifer regions of the southwest United States are dropping off at a rate which is greater than can be replaced by natural means. It is estimated that by 1985 wells will run dry in this region unless adequate artificial recharging can be accomplished. Recharging with surface water is limited by the plugging of permeable rock formations underground by clay particles and organic debris.A controlled study was initiated in which sand grains were used as the rock formation and water with known clay concentrations as the recharge media. The plugging mechanism was investigated by direct observation in the SEM of frozen hydrated sand samples from selected depths.

Correlative microscopy in distrubuted (client/server) computing environments: tools for catalyzing the rapid dissemination of information about the cell biology of the human prostate

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 682-683
Author(s):  
A. Hakam ◽  
J.T. Gau ◽  
M.L. Grove ◽  
B.A. Evans ◽  
M. Shuman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Tissue Bank ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prostate Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Correlative Microscopy ◽  
Client Server ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Transplant Organ

Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of men in the United States and is the third leading cause of death in men. Despite attempts at early detection, there will be 244,000 new cases and 44,000 deaths from the disease in the United States in 1995. Therapeutic progress against this disease is hindered by an incomplete understanding of prostate epithelial cell biology, the availability of human tissues for in vitro experimentation, slow dissemination of information between prostate cancer research teams and the increasing pressure to “ stretch” research dollars at the same time staff reductions are occurring.To meet these challenges, we have used the correlative microscopy (CM) and client/server (C/S) computing to increase productivity while decreasing costs. Critical elements of our program are as follows:1) Establishing the Western Pennsylvania Genitourinary (GU) Tissue Bank which includes >100 prostates from patients with prostate adenocarcinoma as well as >20 normal prostates from transplant organ donors.

Identification of the pulmonary syndrome hantavirus by direct and colloidal gold immune Electron Microscopy

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 274-275
Author(s):  
C. D. Humphrey ◽  
C.S. Goldsmith ◽  
L. Elliott ◽  
S.R. Zaki
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
United States ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Colloidal Gold ◽  
Phosphotungstic Acid ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
Immune Electron Microscopy ◽  
Negative Stain

An outbreak of unexplained acute pulmonary syndrome with high fatality was recognized in the spring of 1993 in the southwestern United States. The cause of the illness was quickly identified serologically and genetically as a hantavirus and the disease was named hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Recently, the virus was isolated from deer mice which had been trapped near the homes of HPS patients, and cultivated in Vero E6 cells. We identified the cultivated virus by negative-stain direct and colloidal gold immune electron microscopy (EM).Virus was extracted, clarified, and concentrated from unfixed and 0.25% glutaraldehyde fixed supernatant fluids of infected Vero E6 cells by a procedure described previously. Concentrated virus suspensions tested by direct EM were applied to glow-discharge treated formvar-carbon filmed grids, blotted, and stained with 0.5% uranyl acetate (UA) or with 2% phosphotungstic acid (PTA) pH 6.5. Virus suspensions for immune colloidal gold identification were adsorbed similarly to filmed grids but incubated for 1 hr on drops of 1:50 diluted monoclonal antibody to Prospect Hill virus nucleoprotein or with 1:50 diluted sera from HPS virus infected deer mice.

Digital image acquisition, processing, and analysis in a polymer microscopy laboratory

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
Vinod K. Berry ◽  
Xiao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Image Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quantitative Image Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Image

In recent years it became apparent that we needed to improve productivity and efficiency in the Microscopy Laboratories in GE Plastics. It was realized that digital image acquisition, archiving, processing, analysis, and transmission over a network would be the best way to achieve this goal. Also, the capabilities of quantitative image analysis, image transmission etc. available with this approach would help us to increase our efficiency. Although the advantages of digital image acquisition, processing, archiving, etc. have been described and are being practiced in many SEM, laboratories, they have not been generally applied in microscopy laboratories (TEM, Optical, SEM and others) and impact on increased productivity has not been yet exploited as well.In order to attain our objective we have acquired a SEMICAPS imaging workstation for each of the GE Plastic sites in the United States. We have integrated the workstation with the microscopes and their peripherals as shown in Figure 1.

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