JOINT OPTIMIZATION OF TRANSITION RULES AND THE PREMIUM SCALE IN A BONUS-MALUS SYSTEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 743-776
Author(s):  
Kolos Csaba Ágoston ◽  
Márton Gyetvai
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Integer Linear Programming ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Liability Insurance ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Joint Optimization ◽  
Transition Rules ◽  
Number Of Classes ◽  
Stationary Probabilities

AbstractBonus-malus systems (BMSs) are widely used in actuarial sciences. These systems are applied by insurance companies to distinguish the policyholders by their risks. The most known application of BMS is in automobile third-party liability insurance. In BMS, there are several classes, and the premium of a policyholder depends on the class he/she is assigned to. The classification of policyholders over the periods of the insurance depends on the transition rules. In general, optimization of these systems involves the calculation of an appropriate premium scale considering the number of classes and transition rules as external parameters. Usually, the stationary distribution is used in the optimization process. In this article, we present a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation for determining the premium scale and the transition rules. We present two versions of the model, one with the calculation of stationary probabilities and another with the consideration of multiple periods of the insurance. Furthermore, numerical examples will also be given to demonstrate that the MILP technique is suitable for handling existing BMSs.

scholarly journals Classification of drug molecules considering their IC50 values using mixed-integer linear programming based hyper-boxes method

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelin Armutlu ◽  
Muhittin E Ozdemir ◽  
Fadime Uney-Yuksektepe ◽  
I Halil Kavakli ◽  
Metin Turkay
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Integer Linear Programming ◽  
Mixed Integer Linear Programming ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Ic50 Values

scholarly journals The Application of Bühlmann‑Straub Model with Data Correction for the Estimation of Net Premium Rates in Bonus‑Malus Systems of the Motor Third Liability Insurance

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (336) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
Anna Edyta Szymańska
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Method ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Liability Insurance ◽  
New Method ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Data Correction ◽  
Insurance Portfolio ◽  
Premium Rates ◽  
The Right

One of the elements used in the process of tariff calculation of premiums in motor liability insurance is a bonus‑malus system. This systems takes into account the “claims ratio” by means of increases and discounts of the base premium called net premium rates. The aim of this work is to propose an estimation method of the net premium rates in the bonus‑malus classes of the motor third‑party liability insurance portfolio of individuals. The Bühlmann‑Straub model was used for the premium estimation. In order to improve the credibility of the estimated premium rates, a data correction in the classes with premium increase was preformed. An example of the application of the new method is presented based on the data obtained from one of the insurance companies operating on the Polish market, which has reserved the right to stay anonymous.

scholarly journals Optimal Bonus-Malus System Design in Motor Third-Party Liability Insurance in Turkey: Negative Binomial Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serpil Ergün Bülbül ◽  
Kemal B. Baykal
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Model ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Liability Insurance ◽  
Credibility Theory ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Binomial Model ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
System Data

One of the most significant instruments used in motor third-party liability insurance rating is bonus-malus system. The aim of the bonus-malus system is to provide a fairness of the premiums paid by ensuring everyone pays a premium that corresponds exactly to their own claim frequency. A balance of total amount of bonuses and maluses is very important to maintain the financial stability of the insurance companies. In Turkey, free tariff regime in motor third-party liability insurance has been adopted since 2014. In this study, an experience rating was employed via the insured’s individual claim experience by considering the drawbacks of using mandatory bonus-malus system. Data entailing information about the claim frequencies of automobiles over a year for motor third party liability policies were obtained from an insurance company. Optimal bonus-malus rates are determined by negative binomial model by using credibility theory, Bayesian approach and the principle of expected value premium.

Cláusulas de franquicia o deducible en seguros de responsabilidad civil en el Derecho español: Naturaleza y efectos respecto de terceros perjudicados

2018 ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Rafael Lara González
Keyword(s):  
Civil Liability ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Insurance Contract ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Liability Insurance ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Insurance Contracts ◽  
Spanish Law ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Legal Nature

ResumenPese a su ubicuidad en la práctica contractual, las cláusulas de franquicia han recibido tratamiento incidental en la doctrina. La discusión sobre ellas se ha enfocado en los contratos de seguros de responsabilidad civil, y en la interpretación del artículo 76 de la Ley española de Contrato de Seguro. En este contexto se ha tratado de establecer si el asegurador puede o no oponer la cláusula de franquicia al tercero perjudicado. El presente trabajo analiza la cláusula de franquicia en la obligación principal del asegurador, su naturaleza jurídica, y examina su relación con los terceros perjudicados. La consideración principal a este respecto estará en si nos encontramos ante un seguro obligatorio o ante un seguro voluntario de responsabilidad civil. Palabras clave: Contrato de seguro; Cláusula de franquicia; Terceroperjudicado; Responsabilidad civil.AbstractDespite their ubiquity in contractual praxis, deductible clauses have received only incidental treatment in legal doctrine. Discussion on them has focused on civil liability insurance contracts, and the interpretation of article 76 of the Spanish Law of Insurance Contracts. In this context it has been attempted to establish whether the insurer can invoke the clause to oppose the injured third party's claim. This article examines the deductible clause included in the insurer's main obligation, its legal nature, and its relation to injured third parties. The main consideration in this regard will be whether the insurance contract is of a mandatory or voluntary nature.Keywords: Insurance contract; Deductible clause; Injured third party; Civil liability.

„A little Drama“ (G. M. Tucker)

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-219
Author(s):  
Alessandro Casagrande
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Literary Form ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Abrupt Shift ◽  
Mediated Discourse ◽  
Contextual Integration

Abstract The use of a narrative imperfect in Am 7:10–17 after 7:1–9 and the abrupt shift to 8:1–3 frequently compelled critics to determine its literary form. For diachronic studies defining classifications include ‘third-party report’ and ‘apophthegma’. By contrast, synchronic studies emphasize the contextual integration of Am 7:10–17 and concentrate on a narrative analysis. Within this focus it is striking, that the passage is often associated with a ‘drama’ but without assessing the methodological ramifications of such a claim. The present article takes this ‘synchronic gap’ up and relates it to approaches to view drama as a possible genre for prophetic books. In doing so, a reading of Am 7:10–17 as part of a narrator-mediated discourse using a dramatic mode shows that the passage can be deemed an entrance with three speeches integrated into the wider context of 7:1–8:3. Particularly the classification of 7:10a, 12aα, 14aα as narrator’s discourse using a dramatic mode makes this claim plausible.

Sistem Pengawasan Aktifitas Penggunaan Smartphone Android

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Rudianto Rudianto ◽  
Eko Budi Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Application Programming Interface ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Image Content ◽  
Image File ◽  
Application Programming ◽  
Index Terms ◽  
Programming Interface

Availability the Application Programming Interface (API) for third-party applications on Android devices provides an opportunity to monitor Android devices with each other. This is used to create an application that can facilitate parents in child supervision through Android devices owned. In this study, some features added to the classification of image content on Android devices related to negative content. In this case, researchers using Clarifai API. The result of this research is to produce a system which has feature, give a report of image file contained in target smartphone and can do deletion on the image file, receive browser history report and can directly visit in the application, receive a report of child location and can be directly contacted via this application. This application works well on the Android Lollipop (API Level 22). Index Terms— Application Programming Interface(API), Monitoring, Negative Content, Children, Parent.

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