International Health and Aid Policies

Especially dangerous infections (EDIs) belong to the conditionally labelled group of infectious diseases that pose an exceptional epidemic threat. They are highly contagious, rapidly spreading and capable of affecting wide sections of the population in the shortest possible time, they are characterized by the severity of clinical symptoms and high mortality rates. At the present stage, the term "especially dangerous infections" is used only in the territory of the countries of the former USSR, all over the world this concept is defined as "infectious diseases that pose an extreme threat to public health on an international scale." Over the entire history of human development, more people have died as a result of epidemics and pandemics than in all wars combined. The list of especially dangerous infections and measures to prevent their spread were fixed in the International Health Regulations (IHR), adopted at the 22nd session of the WHO's World Health Assembly on July 26, 1969. In 1970, at the 23rd session of the WHO's Assembly, typhus and relapsing fever were excluded from the list of quarantine infections. As amended in 1981, the list included only three diseases represented by plague, cholera and anthrax. However, now annual additions of new infections endemic to different parts of the earth to this list take place. To date, the World Health Organization (WHO) has already included more than 100 diseases in the list of especially dangerous infections.

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Strength training in children and adolescents: science, effects and recommandations

Swiss Sports & Exercise Medicine ◽

10.34045/ssem/2017/17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

Keyword(s):

Strength Training ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

International Health ◽

Well Being ◽

Review Article ◽

Physical Activity Guidelines ◽

Muscle Strengthening ◽

Strengthening Exercises ◽

Methodological Aspects ◽

Practical Recommendations

During the last years, muscle strengthening exercises have been included as an essential part in youth physical activity guidelines of national and international health organisations. It is well-documented that strength training is effective in improving physical fitness and promoting health and psycho-social well-being. Therefore, the purpose of this review article is to present empirical evidence on the effectiveness of strength training in children and adolescents. Additionally, and with reference to an established youth physical development model, conceptual and methodological aspects of safe and effective strength training in youth will be discussed and specific practical recommendations will be presented.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of From Alma Ata to the Global Fund: The History of International Health Policy.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1104987.562102 ◽

2008 ◽

Author(s):

Gill Walt ◽

Neil Spicer

Keyword(s):

Health Policy ◽

Global Fund ◽

International Health ◽

History Of ◽

International Health Policy

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Investigating Diseases and Chemicals in COVID-19 Literature with Text Mining (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.21503 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Amir Karami ◽

Brandon Bookstaver ◽

Melissa Nolan

Keyword(s):

Text Mining ◽

Literature Review ◽

Topic Modeling ◽

Large Scale ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

International Health ◽

Research Papers ◽

Strategic Plans ◽

Funding Agencies ◽

The Relationship

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted nearly all aspects of life and has posed significant threats to international health and the economy. Given the rapidly unfolding nature of the current pandemic, there is an urgent need to streamline literature synthesis of the growing scientific research to elucidate targeted solutions. While traditional systematic literature review studies provide valuable insights, these studies have restrictions, including analyzing a limited number of papers, having various biases, being time-consuming and labor-intensive, focusing on a few topics, incapable of trend analysis, and lack of data-driven tools. OBJECTIVE This study fills the mentioned restrictions in the literature and practice by analyzing two biomedical concepts, clinical manifestations of disease and therapeutic chemical compounds, with text mining methods in a corpus containing COVID-19 research papers and find associations between the two biomedical concepts. METHODS This research has collected papers representing COVID-19 pre-prints and peer-reviewed research published in 2020. We used frequency analysis to find highly frequent manifestations and therapeutic chemicals, representing the importance of the two biomedical concepts. This study also applied topic modeling to find the relationship between the two biomedical concepts. RESULTS We analyzed 9,298 research papers published through May 5, 2020 and found 3,645 disease-related and 2,434 chemical-related articles. The most frequent clinical manifestations of disease terminology included COVID-19, SARS, cancer, pneumonia, fever, and cough. The most frequent chemical-related terminology included Lopinavir, Ritonavir, Oxygen, Chloroquine, Remdesivir, and water. Topic modeling provided 25 categories showing relationships between our two overarching categories. These categories represent statistically significant associations between multiple aspects of each category, some connections of which were novel and not previously identified by the scientific community. CONCLUSIONS Appreciation of this context is vital due to the lack of a systematic large-scale literature review survey and the importance of fast literature review during the current COVID-19 pandemic for developing treatments. This study is beneficial to researchers for obtaining a macro-level picture of literature, to educators for knowing the scope of literature, to journals for exploring most discussed disease symptoms and pharmaceutical targets, and to policymakers and funding agencies for creating scientific strategic plans regarding COVID-19.

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International Health Research Ethics

The Oxford Handbook of Research Ethics ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190947750.013.52 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Bridget Pratt

Keyword(s):

Research Ethics ◽

Health Research ◽

International Research ◽

International Health ◽

Middle Income Country ◽

Income Country ◽

Benefit Sharing ◽

Middle Income ◽

Ethical Concerns ◽

Low And Middle Income

Health research funded by organizations from HICs and conducted in low- and middle-income countries has grown significantly since 1990. Power imbalances and inequities frequently (but not always) exist at each stage of the international research process. Unsurprisingly then, a variety of ethical concerns commonly arise in the context of international health research, such as inequities in funding, the semi-colonial nature of international research models, the brain drain of low- and middle-income country researchers, and inequities in partnerships between HIC and low- and middle-income country researchers. In this chapter, these (and other) ethical concerns are introduced and the following ethical concepts to address the concerns are then discussed: responsiveness, standard of care, benefit sharing, community engagement, and social value. Existing guidance and remaining debates about how to specify each of the concepts are summarized. The chapter concludes by highlighting the existence of epistemic injustices within the field of international research ethics.

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