Geography, Area, Soil, Elevation, Rivers, Lakes, Meteorology, &c

2015 ◽  
pp. 582-608
Author(s):  
Robert Montgomery Martin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Elevation

scholarly journals Drone-Based Remote Sensing for Research on Wind Erosion in Drylands: Possible Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Junzhe Zhang ◽  
Wei Guo ◽  
Bo Zhou ◽  
Gregory S. Okin
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Wind Erosion ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
High Resolution Imagery ◽  
Soil Elevation ◽  
3D Photogrammetry ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Sample Set

With rapid innovations in drone, camera, and 3D photogrammetry, drone-based remote sensing can accurately and efficiently provide ultra-high resolution imagery and digital surface model (DSM) at a landscape scale. Several studies have been conducted using drone-based remote sensing to quantitatively assess the impacts of wind erosion on the vegetation communities and landforms in drylands. In this study, first, five difficulties in conducting wind erosion research through data collection from fieldwork are summarized: insufficient samples, spatial displacement with auxiliary datasets, missing volumetric information, a unidirectional view, and spatially inexplicit input. Then, five possible applications—to provide a reliable and valid sample set, to mitigate the spatial offset, to monitor soil elevation change, to evaluate the directional property of land cover, and to make spatially explicit input for ecological models—of drone-based remote sensing products are suggested. To sum up, drone-based remote sensing has become a useful method to research wind erosion in drylands, and can solve the issues caused by using data collected from fieldwork. For wind erosion research in drylands, we suggest that a drone-based remote sensing product should be used as a complement to field measurements.

scholarly journals The temperature sensitivity of organic matter decay in tidal marshes

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 6019-6037 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Kirwan ◽  
G. R. Guntenspergen ◽  
J. A. Langley
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Tidal Marshes ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Soil Elevation

Abstract. Approximately half of marine carbon sequestration takes place in coastal wetlands, including tidal marshes, where ecosystems accumulate organic matter to build soil elevation and survive sea level rise. The long-term viability of marshes, and their carbon pools, depends in part on how the balance between productivity and decay responds to climate change. Here, we report the sensitivity of soil organic matter decay in tidal marshes to seasonal and latitudinal variations in temperature measured over a 3 year period. We find a moderate increase in decay rate at warmer temperatures (3–6% °C−1, Q10 = 1.3–1.5). Despite the profound differences between microbial metabolism in wetlands and uplands, our results indicate a strong conservation of temperature sensitivity. Moreover, simple comparisons with organic matter production suggest that elevated atmospheric CO2 and warmer temperatures will accelerate carbon accumulation in marsh soils, and enhance their ability to survive sea level rise.

The Long-Term Effects of Hurricanes Wilma and Irma on Soil Elevation Change in Everglades Mangrove Forests

Ecosystems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 917-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura C. Feher ◽  
Michael J. Osland ◽  
Gordon H. Anderson ◽  
William C. Vervaeke ◽  
Ken W. Krauss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Elevation Change ◽  
Soil Elevation

Experimental Saltwater Intrusion Drives Rapid Soil Elevation and Carbon Loss in Freshwater and Brackish Everglades Marshes

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1868-1881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P. Charles ◽  
John S. Kominoski ◽  
Tiffany G. Troxler ◽  
Evelyn E. Gaiser ◽  
Shelby Servais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saltwater Intrusion ◽  
Carbon Loss ◽  
Soil Elevation

Hurricane Wilma’s impact on overall soil elevation and zones within the soil profile in a mangrove forest

Wetlands ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin R. T. Whelan ◽  
Thomas J. Smith ◽  
Gordon H. Anderson ◽  
Michelle L. Ouellette
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Soil Elevation

Response of Japanese quail fed seed meal from sunflowers grown on a municipal sludge-amended soil: Elevation of cadmium in tissues

1986 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert Stoewsand ◽  
John Babish ◽  
John Telford ◽  
Charles Bahm ◽  
Carl Bache ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Municipal Sludge ◽  
Soil Elevation ◽  
Amended Soil

scholarly journals Temperature sensitivity of organic-matter decay in tidal marshes

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 4801-4808 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Kirwan ◽  
G. R. Guntenspergen ◽  
J. A. Langley
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Tidal Marshes ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
The Face ◽  
Soil Elevation

Abstract. Approximately half of marine carbon sequestration takes place in coastal wetlands, including tidal marshes, where organic matter contributes to soil elevation and ecosystem persistence in the face of sea-level rise. The long-term viability of marshes and their carbon pools depends, in part, on how the balance between productivity and decay responds to climate change. Here, we report the sensitivity of labile soil organic-matter decay in tidal marshes to seasonal and latitudinal variations in temperature measured over a 3-year period. We find a moderate increase in decay rate at warmer temperatures (3–6% per °C, Q10 = 1.3–1.5). Despite the profound differences between microbial metabolism in wetlands and uplands, our results indicate a strong conservation of temperature sensitivity. Moreover, simple comparisons with organic-matter production suggest that elevated atmospheric CO2 and warmer temperatures will accelerate carbon accumulation in marsh soils, and potentially enhance their ability to survive sea-level rise.

scholarly journals Microtopography is a fundamental organizing structure in black ash wetlands

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob S. Diamond ◽  
Daniel L. McLaughlin ◽  
Robert A. Slesak ◽  
Atticus Stovall
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Binary Classification ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Forested Wetlands ◽  
Primary Control ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Soil Elevation ◽  
Black Ash

Abstract. All wetland ecosystems are controlled by water table and soil saturation dynamics, so any local scale deviation in soil elevation represents variability in this primary control. Wetland microtopography is the structured variability in soil elevation, and is typically categorized into a binary classification of local high points (hummocks) and local low points (hollows). Although the influence of microtopography on vegetation composition and biogeochemical processes has received attention in wetlands around the globe, its role in forested wetlands is still poorly understood. We studied relationships among microtopography on understory vegetation communities, tree biomass, and soil chemistry in 10 black ash (Fraxinus nigra Marshall) wetlands in northern Minnesota, U.S.A. To do so, we combined a 1-cm resolution surface elevation model generated from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) with co-located water table, vegetation, and soil measurements. We observed that microtopography was an important structural element across sites, where hummocks were loci of greater species richness, greater midstory and canopy basal area, and higher soil concentrations of chloride, phosphorus, and base cations. In contrast, hollows were associated with higher soil nitrate and sulfate concentrations. We also found that the effect of microtopography on vegetation and soils was greater at wetter sites than at drier sites, suggesting that distance to mean water table is a primary determinant of wetland biogeochemistry. These findings highlight clear controls of mictopography on vegetation and soil distributions, while also supporting the notion that microtopography arises from feedbacks that concentrate biomass, soil nutrients, and productivity on microsite highs, especially in otherwise wet conditions. We therefore conclude that microtopography is a fundamental organizing structure in black ash wetlands.

scholarly journals Vegetation index cartography as a methodology complement to the terroir zoning for its use in precision viticulture

OENO One ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Martínez ◽  
Vicente D Gomez-Miguel
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Soil Features ◽  
Vegetation Indexes ◽  
Soil Elevation ◽  
Precision Viticulture ◽  
Simple Ratio ◽  
Terrain Features

<p><strong>Aim</strong>: Precision Viticulture (PV) is a form of vineyard management based on tools that offer winegrowers georeferenced information of each vineyard, mainly sector mapping (sub-areas) differentiated by characteristics capable of influencing vineyard usage. This provides knowledge of the variations in these sectors and PV treats each one of them in an independent and optimised manner. This allows, amongst many other possibilities, to monitor fruit ripening with the objective of performing site-specific harvest based on the characteristics of each given sector. Local variations in soil features and natural environmental factors, such as climate, lithology, geomorphology and soil, determine the units that drive or limit PV.</p><p><strong>Methods and results</strong>: In this paper, multispectral images are used. These have been obtained between veraison and harvest in three different years in order to calculate four vegetation indexes (VI) that have been used since the end of the last century to delimit homogenous sectors in vineyards: the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Improved Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI), the Simple Ratio Index (SR) and the Modified Simple Ratio Index (MSR). Mapping of these VI has allowed to relate their distribution with natural environmental factors with the objective of valuing their use in the discrimination of homogenous sectors as a complement and/or alternative to traditional methodologies to <em>terroir</em> zoning. Results show that, in the area studied, the vineyards planted in alluvial soil and conglomerated zones, over dominant fine-loamy, mixed, mesic, Calcixerollic Xerochrept soil series, at elevations between 519 and 604 m, oriented east and on slopes less than 5º present higher values for all four indexes throughout the three years of study.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: It is precisely these environmental elements (lithology, soil, elevation, orientation and slope) and many soil features that must be relatively uniform in order to make an efficient use of the studied VI.</p><p><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: The study addresses the use of VI as a companion tool to viticultural zoning, which has not been much explored at such scale level. In addition, the results obtained may lead to changes in the use of VI, which are usually used without taking into account soil and/or terrain features.</p>

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