Sensory Analysis and Willingness to Pay for Craft Cider

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Tozer ◽  
Suzette P. Galinato ◽  
Carolyn F. Ross ◽  
Carol A. Miles ◽  
Jill J. McCluskey
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Sensory Evaluation ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Valuation Model ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractWe conducted a blind tasting sensory evaluation experiment and a chemical analysis of four craft hard apple ciders from the Pacific Northwest of the USA. Using the sensory and demographic data collected during the experiment, we estimated the consumer willingness-to-pay (WTP), using a contingent valuation model. Overall liking, taste, and aroma, from the sensory evaluation, as well as age of the sampler and if the sampler was a cider drinker, contributed positively to the WTP. In contrast, if the subject was a beer drinker this reduced their WTP. From the chemical analysis we found that tannin level had a positive effect on WTP, but an increased level of sweetness, as part of a ratio of specific gravity to acid, decreased consumer WTP. (JEL Classifications: C91, D12, L66, Q13)

Resistance of wheat, barley and oat to Heterodera avenae in the Pacific Northwest, USA

Nematology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Smiley ◽  
Guiping Yan ◽  
John N. Pinkerton
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Avenae ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Breeding Programmes

Abstract The cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae, occurs in at least seven western states of the USA and reduces grain yield in localised regions and in selected crop management systems. Virulence phenotypes for H. avenae populations in North America have not been reported. Nine individual assays in six experiments were conducted to determine the reactions of barley, oat and wheat cultivars to five H. avenae populations in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) states of Idaho, Oregon and Washington. Three populations were evaluated for virulence to 23 entries of the 'International Test Assortment for Defining Cereal Cyst Nematode Pathotypes', plus selected local cultivars and entries representing a greater diversity of resistance genes. The virulence phenotype(s) for populations of H. avenae in the PNW did not correspond to any of the 11 pathotypes defined by the Test Assortment. Five PNW populations exhibited affinities with Group 2 but were not defined by pathotypes Ha12 and Ha22. Reproduction was prevented or greatly inhibited by barley carrying the Rha3 resistance gene and by most carriers of Rha2 resistance, and by selected oat cultivars with multigenic resistance. Wheat cultivars carrying the Cre1 resistance gene were highly effective in suppressing H. avenae reproduction. Current PNW wheat cultivars do not carry the Cre1 resistance gene. Crosses between Ouyen, an Australian bread wheat with Cre1 resistance, and several PNW wheat cultivars were resistant. The CreR gene also prevented H. avenae reproduction in the trial where it was tested. Intermediate levels of reproduction occurred on wheat cultivars carrying the Cre5, Cre7 and Cre8 resistance genes, each of which was considered useful for pyramiding into cultivars with Cre1 resistance. This research identified genetic resources of value in PNW cereal crop breeding programmes.

Nitrogen fertilization for young established hybrid hazelnuts in the Upper Midwest of the United States of America

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 907-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lois Braun ◽  
Jeffrey Gillman ◽  
Emily Hoover ◽  
Michael Russelle
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corylus Avellana ◽  
Upper Midwest ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Usa ◽  
New Crop ◽  
Leaf N

Braun, L. C., Gillman, J. H., Hoover, E. E. and Russelle, M. P. 2011. Nitrogen fertilization for young established hybrid hazelnuts in the Upper Midwest of the USA. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 907–918. Hybrids of Corylus avellana, C. americana and C. cornuta are proposed as a new crop for the Upper Midwest. Anecdotal information from midwestern growers suggests that these hybrid hazelnuts have high N requirements, but this has not been confirmed in replicated trials. Current nitrogen (N) recommendations for hazelnut production are based on research from the Pacific Northwest and may not be applicable to these hybrids in the Upper Midwest due to differing soils, climate, genetics, and growing systems. Three years of N rate trials on four plantings, that were 3 to 6 yr old at the start, showed that N responses of hybrid hazelnuts fit patterns for other woody crops: no N responses were found on soils with high organic matter, nor on soils with suspected P or K deficiencies. Where N responses were observed, they suggested that the N requirements of hybrid hazelnuts in the Upper Midwest are relatively low compared with those of European hazelnuts in the Pacific Northwest. Leaf N concentrations were within the expected ranges established for European hazelnuts in Oregon, suggesting that Oregon's standards may be applied to hybrid hazelnuts, except that 2.2% leaf N should be considered adequate, rather than a threshold to sufficiency.

scholarly journals Relationship between Incidence of Cephalosporium Stripe and Yield Loss in Winter Wheat

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Quincke ◽  
C. J. Peterson ◽  
C. C. Mundt
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Yield Test ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Cephalosporium Gramineum

Cephalosporium stripe (caused byCephalosporium gramineum) can be a serious disease of winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) in the Pacific Northwest of the USA. Effects of Cephalosporium stripe on yield, test weight, protein, and kernel characteristics were examined using 12 winter wheat varieties in field plots inoculated and not inoculated with the pathogen. Averaged over varieties, inoculation decreased yield, test weight, kernel weight, and kernel diameter; grain protein and the standard deviations of kernel weight and kernel diameter were increased by inoculation. Grain yield of the susceptible check was reduced by as much as 41% with addition of inoculum. The most resistant and the most susceptible varieties performed similarly for yield in the two environments, while varieties with intermediate levels of resistance were sometimes inconsistent. There was a linear relationship between yield and % whiteheads (sterile heads caused by disease) in one environment and a curvilinear relation in the other.

Community Context and Strip Mall Retail

2008 ◽  
Vol 2060 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen L. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Community Context ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Roadside Management ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Patronage Behavior ◽  
Business District

Strip malls (or mini-malls) are a common land use, historically promoted by U.S. zoning practices that concentrate retail and commercial development in a narrow band along urban arterials and major streets. They are an entry-level retail niche offering opportunity for independent, start-up businesses that serve a limited market. Communities have begun to question land uses that enable efficient ingress and egress of vehicles in retail and commercial districts but give little attention to multimodal motility. Some communities are redeveloping small mall zones on the basis of “complete street” principles, expanding landscape plantings, and redeveloping the character of a business district. This study assessed public response to one element of small mall (re)development: landscape and vegetation. Prior studies indicated that consumer behavior is positively associated with city trees (urban forest) on multiple cognitive and behavioral dimensions. In mail surveys depicting varied roadside treatments, residents of three major cities in the Pacific Northwest were asked to indicate preferences and perceptions about proposed changes. Survey stimulus materials addressed visual quality, retail perceptions, patronage behavior, wayfinding, and willingness to pay for goods and services. Combined econometrics and psychometrics indicated that respondents prefer landscaped roadsides and report positive retail behavior, such as willingness to pay 8.8% more for goods and services in well-landscaped malls. Redevelopment and roadside management guidelines are proposed based on the research results, with implications for the economics of local communities.

The cost-effectiveness of telestroke in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 413-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E Nelson ◽  
Nicholas Okon ◽  
Alexandra C Lesko ◽  
Jennifer J Majersik ◽  
Archit Bhatt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Northwest Region

Age-specific migration and regional diversity

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1699-1710
Author(s):  
R Morrill
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Small Region ◽  
Structural Pattern ◽  
Regional Diversity ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Geographic Diversity ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Growing Region

This author examines patterns of age-specific migration between 1980 and 1990 for a small, growing region, the Pacific Northwest of the USA, with the purpose of assessing the degree of geographic diversity in experience. A simple typology of the expected spatial and structural pattern of age-specific migration is proposed. Ouster analysis is used to group counties on the basis of age-specific rates of net migration. Even this fairly small region is found to exemplify most of the patterns that might be expected to occur in the nation as a whole.

A real-time PCR assay for detection of light leaf spot onBrassicacrops in the Pacific Northwest of the USA

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 566-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Thomas ◽  
Maryna Serdani ◽  
Briana Claassen ◽  
Morgan Schneider ◽  
Althea M. Hinds-Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Usa

CONSUMER SENSORY EVALUATION OF PEAR CULTIVARS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST, USA

2005 ◽  
pp. 355-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Turner ◽  
J. Bai ◽  
A. Marin ◽  
A. Colonna
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Evaluation ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
The Pacific
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