Designing a Biogas Plant for an Educational and Scientific Livestock Complex

To design biogas plants, it is necessary to have accurate data about the properties and biogas productivity of the available substrates. Reference data should not be used because the performance of the same substrate can vary significantly. In this research,chicken, horse, sheep and rabbit manure from one of the farms inthe Belgorod region of Russia were analyzed, and the parameters of a biogas station for the processing of this raw material were calculated.The biogas yield of the substrates was determined using the Hohenheim Biogas Yield Test. It was found that the specific biogas yield from the droppings of broilers, laying hens, rabbits, sheep, and horses, and from corn silage were, respectively, 456, 363, 390, 189, 116 and 618 ml/g оDM. The methane content in the biogas was 58.00, 58.50, 57.00, 62.00, 65.00 and 53.60%, respectively. In most cases, the obtained results differed significantly from the data presented in publications of other researchers and reference books.The biogas plant parameter calculations were made according to generally accepted equations, taking into account the characteristics of the studied substrates. Based on the results, it can be concluded that to dispose of the animal excrement of this farm, it is necessary to build a biogas plant with a bioreactor of volume 102.2 m3 and an engine with a power of 12 to 31 kW. The planned output of electric and thermal energy would be 246.19 and 410.27 kWh/day, respectively. Keywords: Hohenheim Biogas Yield Test, rabbit manure, horse dung, sheep manure, chicken droppings, biogas yield of substrates

Genome-wide QTL mapping of yield and agronomic traits in two widely adapted winter wheat cultivars from multiple mega-environments

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis could help to identify suitable molecular markers for marker-assisted breeding (MAB). A mapping population of 124 F5:7recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross ‘TAM 112’/‘TAM 111’ was grown under 28 diverse environments and evaluated for grain yield, test weight, heading date, and plant height. The objective of this study was to detect QTL conferring grain yield and agronomic traits from multiple mega-environments. Through a linkage map with 5,948 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 51 QTL were consistently identified in two or more environments or analyses. Ten QTL linked to two or more traits were also identified on chromosomes 1A, 1D, 4B, 4D, 6A, 7B, and 7D. Those QTL explained up to 13.3% of additive phenotypic variations with the additive logarithm of odds (LOD(A)) scores up to 11.2. The additive effect increased yield up to 8.16 and 6.57 g m−2 and increased test weight by 2.14 and 3.47 kg m−3 with favorable alleles from TAM 111 and TAM 112, respectively. Seven major QTL for yield and six for TW with one in common were of our interest on MAB as they explained 5% or more phenotypic variations through additive effects. This study confirmed previously identified loci and identified new QTL and the favorable alleles for improving grain yield and agronomic traits.

Genetic variability studies in germplasm of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

In the present investigation, twenty genotypes of bread wheat (Triticuma estivum L.) were evaluated to examine the presence of genetic variability which may further be utilized in breeding programmes. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications at the experimental field of Himgiri Zee University, Dehradun during 2019 - 2020. Analysis of variance revealed that genotypes possessed significant genetic variability among all traits.It was observed that HUW-251 (recorded the highest value 67.33 g) where as HUW-213 exhibited the lowest value (48.00 g) for grain yield per plant.The highest estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were observed for spike weight(g) (19.97, 19.98) respectively, followed by flag leaf area (15.64) and spikelets per spike (14.49, 14.59).High heritability (h2) associated with high genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM) were observed for grain yield, test weight, grains per spike, spikelets per spike, spike weight, spike length, peduncle length and flag leaf area.

EKSTRAK KARAGINAN RUMPUT LAUT (Eucheuma cottonii) YANG DIPEROLEH DARI PANTAI TABLOLONG

ABSTRACTEucheuma cottonii (E. cottonii) seaweed is a low level plant that has a high nutritional value. One of the ingredients that play a role in the formation of texture is carrageenan.Carrageenan is a type of hydrocolloid extracted from the seaweed of the red algae group (Rhodophyceae). The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of yields of Seaweed Carrageenan Extract (E. cottonii) obtained from Tablolong beach in the form of yield, ash content and fat content. The method used in this study is an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) and for fat testing using quantitative descriptive methods. This study uses various concentrations of 0.1 N KOH, 0.2 N KOH, 0.3 N KOH and 0.4 N KOH. The results of the carrageenan yield test show that the addition of 0.1 N KOH concentration has a value of 56.10, KOH 0 , 2 N 62.16, KOH 0.3 N 72.73 and the best treatment was at P4 KOH 0.4 N 80.90. Carrageenan ash content test results showed that the addition of KOH concentration value obtained P1 KOH 0.1 N was 60.50, P2 KOH 0.2 N was 70.70, P3 KOH 0.3 N was 80.50, and P4 KOH 0.4 with a value of 90.50. The results of the carrageenan fat content of 0.1 KOH treatment has a fat content of 0, 2 while the treatment of KOH 0,2, KOH 0,3, KOH 0,4 have no fat content by showing the value (0). The results showed that the highest yield in the treatment of KOH concentration of 0.4 N with a value 80.95% and carrageenan ash content has the highest value in the treatment concentration of 0.4 N with a value of 90.50% while the fat content has a value of 0.2 in the treatment of KOH concentration of 0.1 N Keywords: Carrageenan, extract of E. cottonii seaweed.

Improvement of the Water Management by Applying the No Tillage System for the Winter Wheat Production

The Transylvanian Plain has a particular aspect, as the hilly areas are predominant and here the soil erosion phenomena through levigation are frequently encountered. The effect of water availability on yields has been thoroughly researched, being one of the main limitative factors of the winter wheat yields. Starting from these considerations, during the agricultural years 2012-2018, a bi-factorial yield test was performed at Agricultural Research and Development Station (ARDS) Turda, for a period of seven years. The study explored the influence of the water status under the influence of two tillage systems and the climatic conditions specific for this area on winter wheat yields. In the field conditions of Turda during experimental interval, the soil tillage system had a rather small impact on the winter wheat yields. In the conventional system (CS) a reserve of accessible water is preserved better during the spring period, this being attributed to a better infiltration into the soil of winter precipitation (snow). In the conservative system (NT), the observed trend suggests that restoration of the ground water reserve is more difficult than in the CS but the loss of water in the CS is just as fast.

Testing the effectiveness of release valves under intensive dynamic load to the leg

Release valves are commonly used to protect hydraulic legs against overload caused by rock bursts or bumps. Due to an essential role in ensuring safety in the working, an application of a release valve is conditioned by a positive yield test results of a leg equipped with such a valve. A method of leg yield testing, used in Poland, enables a complex determination of an impact of not only a release valve but also of the parameters of the hydraulic leg, determining its stiffness such as for example a volume of the under-the-piston space, which has an impact on an observed pressure increase. The subject of this publication covers cognitive tests oriented onto a determination of an impact of a release valve exclusively on the pressure changes observed in the leg. The results of the efficiency tests of spring valves (Stoiński, 2018) on a rammer are discussed. The difference between the maximum pressure in the under-piston area of the leg with the release valve and the maximum pressure generated by the same dynamic load in the leg without this valve was the measure of the valve operation's effectiveness. Dynamic load, realized on a rammer, is characterized by a longer increase time than in the case of dynamic load acting on a powered roof support unit from the floor. The time process of the force in the leg is then characterized by a short load rising time – tn, large load increment factor – Kd and the average load growth rate –wp,n. Referring to that aspect, the features of a release valve were analyzed in relation to the parameters characterizing dynamic load acting on a powered roof support unit from the floor. Parameters characterizing the effectiveness of the release valve, i.e. change in the leg load increment index –Kd and change in the rate of load increase –wpn were defined. The test stand for generating the load of such parameters using the explosive method is described. Comparison of effects of the dynamic load generated by firing the same mass and the same type of explosive on a hydraulic leg with a release valve and the leg without this valve was the test objective. The effectiveness of the spring valve and two gas valves are analyzed. It was found that despite a very short load rising time, the release valve reduces the load acting on the leg. The positive values of the Kd and wp,n indices are the evidence.

LAJU KEMUNDURAN MUTU GONGGONG (Strombus sp.) SEGAR PADA PENYIMPANAN SUHU CHILLING DAN RUANG DENGAN MUTU SENSORI

The purpose of this research was to analyzed the rate of the quality of fresh gonggong snail (Strombus sp.) stored at chilling and space temperature within 24 hours. The research method used consisted of morphometric test, yield test and sensory test with characteristics of appearance, texture and smell of gonggong snails. The results of the study based on observations of deterioration in quality of fresh gonggong snails (Strombus sp.) can be seen from the morphometric observations of gonggong, namely obtaining an average total weight of 23.36 ggonggong, 5.98 g length, and 3.6 g width. Based on the results, the yield of shell research was the largest portion at 60.77%, the meat yield was 21.25%, while offal was the smallest part, which was 15.83%. Observations on the sensory test at chilling temperature using a temperature of 5ºC were carried out for 4 hours 1 time observation with the characteristics of appearance, texture and smell making the sample not too fast to experience the process of decay and change in the sample. While the sensory test observations at room temperature are carried out for 24 hours. 1 time the observation of the quality deterioration process occurs very quickly because storage at room temperature can accelerate the deterioration of quality due to bacterial overhaul occurs very quickly.