Dwindling Professional Authority: Legal Elites and the Division of Governmental Labor in Chile, 1932–70

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Cristian Villalonga
Keyword(s):  
Political Process ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
State Building ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
The Political ◽  
Administrative State ◽  
Public Governance ◽  
Legal Professionals ◽  
Professional Authority

The prominence of lawyers in the politics of modern state building has been recognized in both historical and theoretical scholarship. In Latin America, however, legal professionals were largely displaced from public governance by the mid-twentieth century. Using Chile as a case study, I argue that, beginning in the 1930s, the rise of the administrative state diminished the authority of elite lawyers who previously enjoyed a quasi-monopoly on statecraft. In addition to the emergence of professional competitors, lawyers lost political influence for two reasons: (1) a growing divergence between political and legal careers for law graduates and (2) internal and external constraints on the bar and the judiciary that limited the ability of legal actors to influence the political process. As a result, during a period when lawyers gained political sway in much of the world, their authority in public affairs dwindled in Chile.

Language Movement and Civil War in West Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ericka A. Albaugh
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Language Spread ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter examines how civil war can influence the spread of language. Specifically, it takes Sierra Leone as a case study to demonstrate how Krio grew from being primarily a language of urban areas in the 1960s to one spoken by most of the population in the 2000s. While some of this was due to “normal” factors such as population movement and growing urbanization, the civil war from 1991 to 2002 certainly catalyzed the process of language spread in the 1990s. Using census documents and surveys, the chapter tests the hypothesis at the national, regional, and individual levels. The spread of a language has political consequences, as it allows for citizen participation in the political process. It is an example of political scientists’ approach to uncovering the mechanisms for and evidence of language movement in Africa.

scholarly journals Empowering the Collaborative Citizen in the Administrative State: A Case Study of the Federal Communications Commission

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Shane
Keyword(s):  
Federal Communications Commission ◽  
Open Government ◽  
The Political ◽  
Administrative State ◽  
Public Input ◽  
Political Conditions

Among the rhetorical themes of the Obama Presidency, none has been more prominent than the call for open, participatory, and collaborative government. The Federal Communication, although not formally bound by the Administration's "Open Government Directive," pledged "to comply voluntarily with its terms and, when possible, to exceed its targets." This article provides a case study of the FCC's first seven months under Chairman Julius Genachowski, chronicling the issues facing "an agency in the early throes of institutionalizing open, participatory, and collaborative government." After reviewing the agency's challenges and initiatives in communicating its message, sharing records and data, and facilitating public input, the article briefly speculates on the political conditions necessary to sustain efforts of this intensity.

scholarly journals Electoral Politics in Pakistan (Elections 2013): A Case Study of District Muzaffar Garh

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Fariha Khalid Khan ◽  
Razia Musarrat
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Electoral Politics ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Awareness ◽  
Public Issues ◽  
Election Process ◽  
And Behavior

Elections make a fundamental contribution to democratic governance. In democracies political decisions are made directly by the citizens of the country. Elections serve as forum for the discussion of public issues and facilitate the expression of public opinion. Electoral politics is a figurative form of political participation. Success and failure of political institutions depends upon the political awareness of people and the process of electoral politics is the subject of free, fair and transparent elections. Like her counterparts Pakistan has election process defined by constitution. The electoral process in Pakistan was not regular and transparent but last three elections 2002, 2008 and 2013 were held according to the constitution.  In Pakistan elections and political process are dominated by the political personalities. Although there are multiparty system but people mostly preferred two main parties like PPP and PML-N but it is positive that third party PTI was emerged in country as third largest party of Pakistan. The study focuses on the 2013 elections and behavior of people of district Muzaffar Garh of Punjab. The purpose of this study is to observe the electoral politics at micro level in Pakistan.

scholarly journals German Expellee Organizations between “Homeland” and “At Home”: A Case Study of the Politics of Belonging

Refuge ◽  
2001 ◽  
pp. 52-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Organizations ◽  
Ethnic Germans ◽  
Second World

Since the expulsion of more than ten million ethnic Germans from Central and Eastern Europe after the end of the Second World War, the political and cultural organizations of the expellees have advocated the interests of this segment of the Federal Republic’s population. The article examines the various ways in which activists in the expellee organizations have used the ambiguity of homeland and belonging in the political process in Germany and increasingly in Europe to further a political agenda that, while it has undergone major changes, remains deeply problematic in some of its objectives and many of its implications.

scholarly journals Restrukturisasi Organisasi Perangkat Daerah Kecamatan di Kabupaten Kolaka Utara

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Taufik Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Institutional Arrangement ◽  
The Political ◽  
Organizational Restructuring ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
District Government ◽  
Method Approach

This study aims to analyze the process of organizational restructuring of regional devices in the scope of North Kolaka District Government (Case Study of Tiwu and Lasusua Sub-districts) and analysis of typology and size of the organization of the Kecamatan. This research was conducted in North Kolaka Regency using mix method approach. The research shows that the process of restructuring of regional apparatus organization in North Kolaka district especially in Tiwu District and Lasusua sub-district institutional redesign has not been through the stages and process of effective and efficient institutional arrangement, the formation process of the formulation team, the political process of policy determination, the process of determining type and magnitude of sub-district organization, organizational structure and working procedures, duties and sub-district functions that overlap one affair with other affairs, and the lack of socialization of institutional arrangement policy so that the process of organizational restructuring of sub-district has not been rational, effective and efficient as well as determination of tipelogi and the size of Tiwu and Lasusua sub-district organizations have not been based on analysis of the main workload of government affairs in general variables and technical variables in a rational, effective and efficient manner. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis proses restrukturisasi organisasi perangkat daerah di lingkup Pemerintah Kabupaten Kolaka Utara (Studi Kasus Kecamatan Tiwu dan Kecamatan Lasusua) dan analisis tipelogi dan besaran organisasi Kecamatan tersebut. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Kolaka Utara dengan menggunakan pendekatan mix method. Penelitian menunjukkan proses restrukturisasi organisasi perangkat daerah di Kabupaten Kolaka Utara khususnya dalam redesain kelembagaan Kecamatan Tiwu dan Kecamatan Lasusua, belum melalui tahapan-tahapan dan proses penataan kelembagaan yang efektif dan efisien, proses pembentukan tim perumus (kepanitiaan), proses politik penetapan kebijakan, proses penentuan tipe dan besaran organisasi Kecamatan, Struktur Organisasi dan Tata Kerja, Tugas Pokok dan Fungsi Kecamatan yang tumpang tindih antara satu urusan dengan urusan yang lain, serta kurangnya sosialisasi kebijakan penataan kelembagaan sehingga belum terwujudnya proses restrukturisasi organisasi Kecamatan yang rasional, efektif dan efisien serta penentuan tipelogi dan besaran organisasi Kecamatan Tiwu dan Kecamatan Lasusua belum berdasarkan analisis beban kerja utama urusan pemerintahan dalam variabel umum dan variabel teknis secara rasional, efektif dan efisien.

Media and Politics

2020 ◽  
pp. 416-432
Author(s):  
Thomas Olesen
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The Political ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
The Public ◽  
Media System ◽  
Professional Authority ◽  
System P ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Public Sphere

The chapter’s premise is the social contract between media and democracy, which features strongly in the professional values of Danish journalists. Media have become so central to the political process that many refer to a mediatization of politics. At the same time, research points to a crisis of journalism with declining readership, trust, and professional authority. These challenges have been set in motion at least partly by new media consumption and production patterns. The crisis of journalism prompts two questions: is it reversing the process of mediatization, and does it erode journalism’s role as democratic watchdogs in Denmark? The chapter shows that the crisis of journalism must be considered in a comparative perspective and that the Danish media system demonstrates a degree of resilience to it. It also notes, however, that traditional media have indeed lost their privileged position as organizers of the public sphere. Rather than seeing a reversal of mediatization, it makes more sense to speak of a mediatization 2.0, and rather than identifying an erosion of the media’s watchdog role, it is more accurate to say that they now share it with a host of other agents in the current hybridized media system.

Architecture and Dynasty

2020 ◽  
pp. 188-210
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Political History ◽  
State Building ◽  
The Political ◽  
Symbolic Action ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Geographic Environment ◽  
Primary Chronicle ◽  
Boris Godunov

This chapter sketches the political and geographic environment in pre-Petrine Rus´ that favored architecture as a major but little-investigated arena for symbolic action by the ruler. It mentions rulers from Saint Vladimir to Peter the Great that made architecture a useful tool for state-building in order to demonstrate their power and define their image. It also points out that architectural construction, whether of churches, fortifications, or palaces, was avidly noted in chronicles from the Primary Chronicle to the Nikon Chronicle and beyond. The chapter elaborates the ways that Boris Godunov used architecture in order to make a useful case study as architecture in relation to the pre-Petrine period finds too little place in discussions of political history. It provides access to some perceptions of Godunov's architectural efforts and gauges how successful those efforts were.

scholarly journals RELIGION AND POLITICS IN A PLURALISTIC SOCIETY: THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
Danoye Oguntola Laguda
Keyword(s):  
Political Process ◽  
Religion And Politics ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Pluralistic Society ◽  
Pluralistic Societies ◽  
Politics And Religion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Determinant Factor

The interaction between religion and politics has been a subject of debate among scholars of religion, political scientists and sociologists. The arguments have generally been that of total or partial dis-interaction between the two phenomena. To the protagonists, religion should not be corrupted with the tricks, intrigues and challenges of politics. On the other side of the divide, the opinion is that the two institutions should relate to each other for the benefits of humanity. Our observation has shown that the nature of the society is a determinant factor if the relationship should ever be allowed to exist. It has been argued that in homogenous societies, politics and religion can relate to each other as suggested by the protagonists. However, in pluralistic societies like Nigeria, secularism has been suggested as an alternative. In Nigeria, our case study, it is noted that religions have always played significant roles in the political process, policy formulations and their implementation.

The Congressional Committee: A Case Study

1954 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph K. Huitt
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The Political ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Congressional Committee ◽  
Woodrow Wilson ◽  
Public Records ◽  
Congressional Committees ◽  
Committee Government

“Congressional government is Committee government” said Woodrow Wilson in 1884, and political scientists since that day have seen no reason to disagree with him. It would be reasonable to suppose then that once committees ceased to meet secretly (as they did when Wilson wrote) and began to keep verbatim public records of their proceedings, the committee process would be subjected to relentless and systematic study. Such has not been the case. The frequency with which Wilson is quoted is as much a reflection of a lack of substantive research by later students as it is a tribute to his intuitive insights.It would not be hard to make a case for close and continuous study of congressional committees. On every count, they would seem to hold as much interest for the student of politics as administrative bodies or the courts, upon which so much more attention has been lavished. They are decision-making agencies of crucial importance; it is a commonplace that they hold life-or-death power over legislation. Again, they provide a point of focus for the political process; they are “miniature legislatures,” “microcosms” of their parent bodies—not in the sense that they epitomize the larger houses, but rather that the committees are subject to the same influences and power drives, which are easier to intercept and analyze here than in the larger and more complex houses themselves.

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