The Prevalence and Severity of Underreporting Bias in Machine- and Human-Coded Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin E. Bagozzi ◽  
Patrick T. Brandt ◽  
John R. Freeman ◽  
Jennifer S. Holmes ◽  
Alisha Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Event Data ◽  
State Repression ◽  
News Sources ◽  
Monte Carlo Experiments ◽  
Textual Data ◽  
The World ◽  
External Measure

Textual data are plagued by underreporting bias. For example, news sources often fail to report human rights violations. Cook et al. propose a multi-source estimator to gauge, and to account for, the underreporting of state repression events within human codings of news texts produced by the Agence France-Presse and Associated Press. We evaluate this estimator with Monte Carlo experiments, and then use it to compare the prevalence and seriousness of underreporting when comparable texts are machine coded and recorded in the World-Integrated Crisis Early Warning System dataset. We replicate Cook et al.’s investigation of human-coded state repression events with our machine-coded events, and validate both models against an external measure of human rights protections in Africa. We then use the Cook et al. estimator to gauge the seriousness and prevalence of underreporting in machine and human-coded event data on human rights violations in Colombia. We find in both applications that machine-coded data are as valid as human-coded data.

Human Rights Violations in Space: Assessing the External Validity of Machine-Geocoded versus Human-Geocoded Data

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Logan Stundal ◽  
Benjamin E. Bagozzi ◽  
John R. Freeman ◽  
Jennifer S. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Event Data ◽  
Political Event ◽  
News Sources ◽  
Geostatistical Models

Abstract Political event data are widely used in studies of political violence. Recent years have seen notable advances in the automated coding of political event data from international news sources. Yet, the validity of machine-coded event data remains disputed, especially in the context of event geolocation. We analyze the frequencies of human- and machine-geocoded event data agreement in relation to an independent (ground truth) source. The events are human rights violations in Colombia. We perform our evaluation for a key, 8-year period of the Colombian conflict and in three 2-year subperiods as well as for a selected set of (non)journalistically remote municipalities. As a complement to this analysis, we estimate spatial probit models based on the three datasets. These models assume Gaussian Markov Random Field error processes; they are constructed using a stochastic partial differential equation and estimated with integrated nested Laplacian approximation. The estimated models tell us whether the three datasets produce comparable predictions, underreport events in relation to the same covariates, and have similar patterns of prediction error. Together the two analyses show that, for this subnational conflict, the machine- and human-geocoded datasets are comparable in terms of external validity but, according to the geostatistical models, produce prediction errors that differ in important respects.

Human Rights Violations in Ethiopia: The Case for Permanent Adjustment of Immigration Status for Ethiopians in the United States

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Immigration Status ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The World

Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in the world. Except for a brief five year period of Italian occupation (1936-41), Ethiopia, in the span of its thousands of years of existence, was never conquered and administered by a foreign power. Therefore, the tradition of permanent emigration or seeking asylum in foreign countries is an alien concept to the Ethiopian people.Ancient and medieval Ethiopia is depicted as having existed in isolation from contemporaneous states and empires. This attribution of isolationism, compactly expressed by Edward Gibbon’s oft quoted statement that “the Ethiopians slept nearly a thousand years, forgetful of the world by whom they were forgotten,” is not at all borne by historical facts.

Electronic Voting Application Powered by Blockchain Technology

2021 ◽  
pp. 230-246
Author(s):  
Geetanjali Rathee ◽  
Hemraj Saini
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Smart Phones ◽  
Electronic Voting ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Election Process ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common

India is the largest democracy in the world, and in spite of that, it faces various challenges on a daily basis that hinder its growth like corruption and human rights violations. One of the ugliest phases of corruption and political mayhem is visible during the election process where no stone is kept unturned in order to gain power. However, it is the common citizen who suffers most in terms of clarity as well as security when it comes to his/her vote. Blockchain can play a very important role in ensuring that the voters registering their votes are legit and the counting of votes is not manipulated in any way. It is also needed in today's times where the world is available to people in their smart phones to also give them the opportunity to register their votes hassle free via their smart phones without having to worry about the system getting hacked. Therefore, in this chapter, the proposed layout will be based on a smart contract, using Ethereum software to create an e-voting app. In this chapter, the authors have proposed a secure e-voting framework through blockchain mechanism.

Scottsboro—and Collapse

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Horne
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Working Class ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Black America ◽  
The World

This chapter focuses on the Scottsboro campaign. Buoyed by massive global support, the Scottsboro campaign took black America and then the nation by storm. Patterson asserted accurately in early 1934 that Scottsboro “has raised the question of international working class solidarity to its highest level.” Thus, he said beamingly, “Every Negro worker and toiling slave on the land breathes freer because of the activities of the ILD,” while the “southern landlord lynchers have learned to curse its name and to dread the presence of its organizations.” The main point, he stressed, was “a new understanding of the term—international working class solidarity.” Moreover, as a result of this case, “The world began to act on the [mal]treatment of [the] Negro.” This was particularly true in the aftermath of 1945, when the United States found it necessary to more effectively charge Moscow with human-rights violations—in part to counter Moscow's charges about Washington's deficiencies in this crucial realm.

Internal displacement: global trends in conflict-induced displacement

2009 ◽  
Vol 91 (875) ◽  
pp. 491-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina M. Birkeland
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Displaced Populations ◽  
The World ◽  
High Figure ◽  
Guiding Principles

AbstractAt the end of 2008, the number of people internally displaced by conflict, generalized violence or human rights violations across the world stood at 26 million, a record high since the IDMC started to monitor internal displacement in 1998. This high figure remains in spite of the growing recognition and implementation of the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. This article presents the findings of the latest IDMC survey on trends in internal displacement, challenges faced by displaced populations, and the measures taken to address these.

Strategies for Reform: Facilitating Intersectionality in Human Rights Advocacy

2021 ◽  
pp. 209-244
Author(s):  
Johanna Bond
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Institutional Culture ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Body System ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
Intersectional Analysis ◽  
The World ◽  
Treaty Body ◽  
Human Rights Advocacy ◽  
International Human

An intersectional human rights framework offers victims of human rights violations the best chance to recover remedies that fully address the complex and structural dimensions of the violations. To be effective within any national, regional, or international human rights system, however, intersectionality must be part of the institutional culture. Members of the human rights bodies must be conversant with the theory and comfortable applying it in a variety of human rights scenarios. Chapter 7 explored the ways in which NGOs can facilitate intersectional analysis by engaging human rights bodies in the discourse of intersectionality. This chapter examines structural reforms within the UN human rights system that will foster intersectional analysis. Breaking down the silos in the treaty body system and creating opportunities for collaboration will help to facilitate system-wide intersectional analysis, all of which will benefit victims of human rights violations around the world.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Karina Ansolabehere ◽  
Barbara A. Frey ◽  
Leigh A. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Commitment To Change ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Points Of View

LATIN AMERICA sits at the centre of the third wave of democratisation that began in the early 1980s. It has advanced farther than any other region of the world in its accountability processes for past human rights violations perpetrated during authoritarian regimes and armed conflicts. Despite these human rights achievements, Latin America is known as the most violent global region. In the last two decades since the transitions, serious human rights violations, especially disappearances, have increased exponentially in several countries in the region. This volume seeks to understand these post-transition disappearances. It does so by examining four different countries in the region and the dynamics that play out within them. It considers a variety of voices and points of view: from the perspectives of victims and relatives; of activists, advocates, and public officials seeking truth and justice; and of scholars attempting to draw out the specificities in each case and the patterns across cases. The underlying objective behind the project is to gain knowledge and to draw on deep commitment to change within the region so as to overcome this tragedy....

Global Intersectionality and Contemporary Human Rights

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Bond
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Intergovernmental Organization ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Intersectionality Theory ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations

The book enriches our understanding of international human rights by using intersectionality theory, the concept that aspects of identity, such as race and gender, are mutually constitutive and intersect to create unique experiences of discrimination and subordination, to examine contemporary human rights issues. Perpetrators of sexual violence in armed conflict, for example, often target victims based on both gender and ethnicity. Human rights remedies that fail to capture the intersectional nature of human rights violations do not offer comprehensive redress to victims. The book explores the influence of intersectionality theory on human rights in the modern era and traces the evolution of intersectionality as a theoretical framework in the United States and around the world. The book draws upon critical race feminism and human rights jurisprudence to argue that scholars and activists have under-utilized intersectionality theory in the global discourse of human rights. As the central intergovernmental organization charged with the protection of human rights, the United Nations has been slow to embrace the insights gained from intersectionality theory. Global Intersectionality argues that the United Nations and other human rights organizations must more actively embrace intersectionality as an analytical framework in order to fully address the complexity of human rights violations around the world.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document