The tissue and dietary protein and amino acid requirements of pigs from 8.0 to 20.0 kg live weight

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
C. J. Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Ideal Protein

AbstractForty-three entire males were used to determine the pig's tissue requirements for protein and amino acids from 8·0 to 20·0 kg, and provide information on the capacity of diets formulated with conventional ingredients to contain the same levels and balances of amino acids as ideal protein to supply these nutrients. Seven diets with similar digestible energy (15·9 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg) and crude protein concentrations from 119 to 232 g/kg (8·7 to 17·3 g lysine per kg) were offered ad libitum between 8·0 and 200 kg live weight. The rate of protein deposition was determined by comparative slaughter. The composition of the protein deposited in the whole empty body was determined from amino acid analyses of pigs killed at 8·0 kg and from the two extreme dietary treatments at 20·0 kg. Growth performance and the rates at which protein and lysine were deposited in the empty body increased linearly with increasing dietary protein concentration up to 187 g/kg and remained relatively constant thereafter. The corresponding dietary protein and lysine intakes required to support maximal protein accretion were 178 g/day (11·7 g/MJ DE) and 13·0 g/day (0·84 g/MJ DE) respectively. Based on the maximal deposition rates for protein (91·8 g/day), and lysine (5·96 g/day) and endogenous protein loss (77middot;6 g/day) estimated from the linear component of the relationship determined between protein deposition and apparent digestible protein intake, the pig's tissue requirements for protein and lysine were only 99·4 g/day (6·5 g/MJ DE) and 6·46 g/day (0·43 g/MJ DE) respectively. This disparity between the pig's tissue protein and amino acid requirements and the dietary levels needed to support these was associated with the fact that the apparent digestibility and biological value of the dietary protein were 0·92 and 0·602 respectively. Apart from small differences in the lysine content of body protein and the methionine: lysine ratio, the average amino acid composition of pigs killed at 8·0 kg, and from the diet of highest protein concentration at 20 kg, was similar to that of ideal protein, indicating that the low utilizability of dietary protein for tissue growth and maintenance was probably associated with low amino acid digestibility and/or availability. The implications of the results with respect to expression of the growing pig's requirements for protein and amino acids are discussed.

Amino acids in blood plasma and tissues of rats following glucose force-feeding

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Knipfel ◽  
H. G. Botting ◽  
F. J. Noel ◽  
J. M. McLaughlan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Tissue Uptake ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Glucose Administration ◽  
Force Feeding ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Concentration Changes

Changes in plasma amino acid (PAA) concentrations effected by force-feeding glucose to rats were studied in two experiments. Attempts were made to relate PAA concentration changes to amino acid requirements, previous diet, time after feeding glucose, and composition of several body proteins. Distribution of 14C-lysine between blood and tissues was examined in an additional rat experiment. Previous diet did not affect the relative quantities of amino acids removed from plasma (PAA removal pattern) after glucose force-feeding. Minimal PAA concentrations occurred by 40 min after glucose administration. The PAA removal pattern was not distinctly related to either amino acid requirements or to any particular body protein composition. Results of administering 14C-lysine simultaneously with glucose indicated that decreased plasma 14C-lysine levels were caused by increased tissue uptake of 14C, likely mediated by insulin. Muscle acted as the major recipient of 14C from plasma, with liver a lesser and more dynamic reservoir of 14C accumulation. Work is continuing to further clarify the significance of the PAA removal pattern, caused by the force-feeding of glucose.

Whole-body leucine and lysine metabolism: response to dietary protein intake in young men

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (6) ◽  
pp. E712-E721 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Motil ◽  
D. E. Matthews ◽  
D. M. Bier ◽  
J. F. Burke ◽  
H. N. Munro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Dietary Protein Intake ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Lysine Metabolism

Whole-body leucine and lysine metabolism was explored in young adult men by a primed constant intravenous infusion of a mixture of L-[1–13C]leucine and L-[alpha-15N]lysine over a 4-h period. Subjects were studied after an overnight fast (postabsorptive state) or while consuming hourly meals (fed state) after adaptation to diets providing either a surfeit level of protein (1.5 g.kg body-1.day-1), a level approximating maintenance requirements (marginal intake) (0.6 g.kg body wt-1.day-1), or a grossly inadequate level (0.1 g.kg-1.day-1). The change in protein intake from a marginal to a surfeit level was associated with an increased leucine flux and incorporation of leucine into body protein. In the fed state, oxidation of leucine increased sharply and release of leucine from tissue protein diminished. When dietary protein intake was reduced from the requirement to inadequate level, leucine flux and body protein synthesis and protein breakdown were reduced, together with a smaller reduction in leucine oxidation. The response of the metabolism of [15N]lysine was responsible for maintenance of leucine and other essential amino acid economy, and they appear to be related to the nitrogen and amino acid requirements of the subject. These findings also demonstrate an effect of meals, modulated by their protein content, on the dynamics of whole-body amino acid metabolism.

Amino acid requirements of growing pigs 8. The response of pigs from 50 to 90 kg live weight to dietary ideal protein

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Yen ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Ideal Protein

ABSTRACTThe response to dietary lysine when provided as part of an ideal protein was examined in pigs over the range of live weight from 50 to 90 kg. Ninety-six pigs, 32 trios of littermate boars, castrated males and gilts were allocated to eight diets with lysine concentrations of 5·6, 6·2, 7·3, 8·3, 9·3, 10·3, 11·4 and 12·4 g/kg diet and corresponding concentrations of crude protein (CP) from 90 to 186 g/kg diet (all having a digestible energy of 13·38 MJ/kg). Pigs were given food on a restricted scale once daily. With increasing lysine concentration, there was a linear response (followed by a plateau) for growth and carcass characteristics up to dietary lysine concentrations of 91, 7·2 and 8·4 g/kg diet and CP concentrations of 142, 116 and 132 g/kg diet with daily lysine intakes of 22·9, 18·6 and 21·2 g and CP intakes of 357, 290 and 331 g for boars, castrated males and gilts respectively.

scholarly journals Diurnal response in endogenous amino acid oxidation of meal-fed rats

1980 ◽  
Vol 190 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
R W Wannemacher ◽  
R E Dinterman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidation ◽  
Collagen Protein ◽  
Meal Feeding ◽  
Endogenous Amino Acid

A model has been developed to measure the effects of dietary protein on daily fluctuations in the rate of endogenous amino acid oxidation in meal-fed and starved rats. In addition, N tau-methylhistidine and hydroxyproline were utilized to determine changes in the rate of degradation of myofibrillar and collagen proteins. In rats meal-fed a normal diet of 18% (w/w) casein, a diurnal response was observed in rate of oxidation of radioactive amino acids contained in endogenous labelled body protein, with a nadir 16—20 h and maximum 4—8 h after beginning the feeding. This observation in part may be related to alterations in flux of amino acids from non-hepatic tissues to site of oxidation in liver, as well as alterations in rates of amino acid oxidation after a protein meal. When meal-fed a 70% protein diet, the maximal rates of endogenous amino acid oxidation were significantly increased by 4—8 h after meal-feeding, with no change in fractional rates of degradation of myofibrillar- or collagen-protein breakdown. This could suggest increases in activities of enzymes involved in amino acid oxidation, in rats meal-fed 70% compared with 18% dietary protein. In contrast, meal-feeding of a protein-free diet muted the diurnal response in the rate of oxidation of endogenously labelled amino acids, which correlated with a decrease in the fractional rate of degradation of myofibrillar or collagen protein. Thus dietary protein is apparently responsible for the observed diurnal rhythm rhythms in the rate of amino acid oxidation, whereas carbohydrates tend to mute the response.

The effect of altering dietary cystine and methionine levels at similar ratios to lysine on the requirements for sulphur amino acids in weaner pigs

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 38-38
Author(s):  
P.H. Simmins ◽  
J.C. Bodin ◽  
A. Kies ◽  
P.E.V. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Sulphur Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Sulphur Amino Acids ◽  
The Ideal

The efficient production of the weaner pig requires accurate knowledge of its amino acid requirements. This is particularly relevant today as it is increasingly important to reduce nitrogenous waste from pigs. During the past decade formulations for feeds were based on the ideal protein profile of the lean tissue of pigs in which the sulphur amino acid requirements were assessed as the combination of total sulphur amino acids rather than through their individual amino acids, methionine and cystine (Agricultural Research Council, 1981). Today, this concept is challenged. The effect of the changing cystine demand in the weaner pig on the total ileal digestible sulphur amino acid (IDSAA) requirements and hence methionine levels requires study. The objective of this experiment was to understand the requirements and relationship between true ileal digestible cystine and methionine to lysine ratio in the ideal protein content of food to achieve efficient production in the young pig.

A note on the amino acid composition of sow's milk

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (03) ◽  
pp. 500-502
Author(s):  
R. H. King ◽  
C. J. Rayner ◽  
M. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Protein Output

Effects of dietary protein concentration on the amino acid composition of sow's milk was studied using 10 crossbred first-litter sows. At parturition, diets containing similar concentrations of digestible energy but with either 63 or 238 g crude protein per kg and 4.4 and 15.1 g lysine per kg respectively, were given through lactation (five sows per treatment). The ratios of other amino acids to lysine were in excess of those currently recommended for lactating sows. Dietary protein level significantly affected milk yield, gave higher milk protein output (P> 0.05) but was without significant effect on the proportions of amino acids in the milk.

scholarly journals Nutritional innovations on amino acids supplementation in Nile tilapia diets

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (suppl spe) ◽  
pp. 88-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson Massamitu Furuya ◽  
Valéria Rossetto Barriviera Furuya
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Fillet Yield ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The optimal dietary supply of amino acids to tilapia has been studied for many years. Nevertheless, a general agreement on the amino acid requirement for tilapias has not been established. In order to optimize efficiency and reduce surplus nitrogen, values of digestibility of each amino acid of feed must be considered. Due to variations in the amino acid requirement due to new tilapia strains introduction, continuous research on amino acid requirements is necessary to elaborate economical and environmental sustainability diets, also improving fish growth, efficiency and fillet yield. The concept of ideal protein in tilapia diets was introduced more than ten years ago, and new researches have shown the importance of protein and amino acids on fish performance and health, when tilapias are submitted to constant challenging from internal and external factors.

A note on the effect of dietary protein concentration, sex, type and live weight on whole-body amino acid composition of the growing pig

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Kemm ◽  
F. K. Siebrits ◽  
Penelope M. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sex Type

Seventy-two Landrace pigs were used to study the effects of dietary crude protein concentration (197, 168 and 137 g/kg air dry meal), sex, type and live weight on the whole- body (gut content included) amino acid composition of growing pigs. Boars and gilts from two types (lean and obese) slaughtered at 20, 30 or 90 kg live weight were used. Mean whole-body amino acid concentrations were: lysine 63·4; methionine 21·8; cystine 15·8; threonine 35·1; leucine 67·7; isoleucine 28·0; valine 40·5; phenylalanine 35·5; tyrosine 24·6 and histidine 26·8 g/kg protein. Dietary protein concentration had no effect on body amino acid composition. Boar values tended to be higher than those of gilts but there were no significant differences. Pigs of the obese type also tended to have higher values than lean pigs, with significant differences obtained for methionine, cystine, leucine, and isoleucine. Apart from cystine, live weight had no effect on whole-body amino acid composition, Cystine content however, decreased highly significantly from 17·1 g/kg protein at 30 kg live weight to 14·3 g at 90 kg live weight P (P < 0·001). When compared with the suggested ideal pattern for essential amino acids leucine and histidine values are higher and isoleucine slightly lower, with no conclusive indication on methionine and cystine.

scholarly journals Influence of dietary protein concentration on the oxidation of phenylalanine by the young pig

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald O. Ball ◽  
Henry S. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Intact Protein

1. Piglets were weaned at 3 d of age and reared to 2.5 kg on a liquid diet in which the protein was supplied by dried skim milk and a mixture of free amino acids. The oxidation of L-[l-14C]phenyIalanine was measured as an indication of the partition of amino acids between retention and catabolism in pigs (2.5 kg) offered meals containing vaned concentrations of crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25).2. The dietary protein concentration was varied either by increasing the inclusion of a mixture of free amino acids in a series of diets containing 100 g protein/kg from skim milk, or by increasing the level of inclusion of the skim milk in a series of diets containing the equivalent of 100 g protein/kg from the free amino acid mixture.3. The oxidation of phenylalanine was minimized by dietary protein concentrations of 240 and 258 g/kg for the diets containing increasing concentrations of free amino acids or skim milk respectively.4. These results show that a mixture of free amino acids is used more effectively than intact protein for promoting retention of essential amino acids.5. The recovery of radioactivity in expired carbon dioxide was inversely related to the recovery of radioactivity in liver tissue when the concentration of dietary crude protein was increased from deficient to adequate, demonstrating that the fractional oxidation of the indicator amino acid was inversely related to protein synthesis.

Effect of dietary protein concentration and source on the growth rate and on body composition of Holstein-Friesian male calves

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Brosh ◽  
Y. Aharoni ◽  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nitrogen Level ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Holstein Friesian

AbstractHolstein-Friesian male calves, aged 160 to 450 days, and of live weight 180 to 530 kg, were used to determine the effects of dietary nitrogen level and dietary nitrogen source on performance. Experiment 1, tested dietary nitrogen level, and involved two trials with three dietary-nitrogen levels and equal dietary metabolizable energy (ME) 11·7 MJ/kg dry matter (DM). The crude protein (CP) level was reduced in the course of the trials by 40 g/kg, the experimental average CP in the diets being 146, 126 and 106 g/kg for the high (HP), medium (MP) and the low protein (LP) diets, respectively. The urea space (US) for estimation of body protein deposition and the rumen volume for calculation of empty body weight were measured in trial A of experiment 1. Experiment 2 involved four diets of equal ME concentrations; (11-7 MJ/kg DM), in three of which the CP contents were equal but from different sources: (a) 110 g/kg, all of it true protein (TP), negative control; (b) 130 g/kg, all of it TP; (с) 130 g/kg CP, 20 g/kg of it is poultry litter (PL) protein; (d) 130 g/kg CP, 40 g/kg of it is PL protein. Significantly lower US and ratio of US to live weight were found in the calves on the LP diet, from the age of 265 days than in the calves on the other diets. The ratio of US to live weight significantly decreased with increasing age in all protein level treatments. Until the age of 300 days the rumen volume was significantly higher on the LP diet than on the other diets. Calves on the HP diet had the highest daily gain and carcass gain. The recommendation to reduce the dietary protein as age increased to lower than 120 g/kg caused a reduction in the energy retained from the diet but protein deposition was not impaired. Protein deposition was impaired when the CP was reduced by 20 g/kg below the level recommended by the National Research Council. The inclusion of poultry litter in the diet, with ME concentration being maintained, did not reduce the rate of live-weight gain, and improved food conversion efficiency.

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