Effect of dietary protein concentration and source on the growth rate and on body composition of Holstein-Friesian male calves

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Brosh ◽  
Y. Aharoni ◽  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nitrogen Level ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Holstein Friesian

AbstractHolstein-Friesian male calves, aged 160 to 450 days, and of live weight 180 to 530 kg, were used to determine the effects of dietary nitrogen level and dietary nitrogen source on performance. Experiment 1, tested dietary nitrogen level, and involved two trials with three dietary-nitrogen levels and equal dietary metabolizable energy (ME) 11·7 MJ/kg dry matter (DM). The crude protein (CP) level was reduced in the course of the trials by 40 g/kg, the experimental average CP in the diets being 146, 126 and 106 g/kg for the high (HP), medium (MP) and the low protein (LP) diets, respectively. The urea space (US) for estimation of body protein deposition and the rumen volume for calculation of empty body weight were measured in trial A of experiment 1. Experiment 2 involved four diets of equal ME concentrations; (11-7 MJ/kg DM), in three of which the CP contents were equal but from different sources: (a) 110 g/kg, all of it true protein (TP), negative control; (b) 130 g/kg, all of it TP; (с) 130 g/kg CP, 20 g/kg of it is poultry litter (PL) protein; (d) 130 g/kg CP, 40 g/kg of it is PL protein. Significantly lower US and ratio of US to live weight were found in the calves on the LP diet, from the age of 265 days than in the calves on the other diets. The ratio of US to live weight significantly decreased with increasing age in all protein level treatments. Until the age of 300 days the rumen volume was significantly higher on the LP diet than on the other diets. Calves on the HP diet had the highest daily gain and carcass gain. The recommendation to reduce the dietary protein as age increased to lower than 120 g/kg caused a reduction in the energy retained from the diet but protein deposition was not impaired. Protein deposition was impaired when the CP was reduced by 20 g/kg below the level recommended by the National Research Council. The inclusion of poultry litter in the diet, with ME concentration being maintained, did not reduce the rate of live-weight gain, and improved food conversion efficiency.

The tissue and dietary protein and amino acid requirements of pigs from 8.0 to 20.0 kg live weight

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
C. J. Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Ideal Protein

AbstractForty-three entire males were used to determine the pig's tissue requirements for protein and amino acids from 8·0 to 20·0 kg, and provide information on the capacity of diets formulated with conventional ingredients to contain the same levels and balances of amino acids as ideal protein to supply these nutrients. Seven diets with similar digestible energy (15·9 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg) and crude protein concentrations from 119 to 232 g/kg (8·7 to 17·3 g lysine per kg) were offered ad libitum between 8·0 and 200 kg live weight. The rate of protein deposition was determined by comparative slaughter. The composition of the protein deposited in the whole empty body was determined from amino acid analyses of pigs killed at 8·0 kg and from the two extreme dietary treatments at 20·0 kg. Growth performance and the rates at which protein and lysine were deposited in the empty body increased linearly with increasing dietary protein concentration up to 187 g/kg and remained relatively constant thereafter. The corresponding dietary protein and lysine intakes required to support maximal protein accretion were 178 g/day (11·7 g/MJ DE) and 13·0 g/day (0·84 g/MJ DE) respectively. Based on the maximal deposition rates for protein (91·8 g/day), and lysine (5·96 g/day) and endogenous protein loss (77middot;6 g/day) estimated from the linear component of the relationship determined between protein deposition and apparent digestible protein intake, the pig's tissue requirements for protein and lysine were only 99·4 g/day (6·5 g/MJ DE) and 6·46 g/day (0·43 g/MJ DE) respectively. This disparity between the pig's tissue protein and amino acid requirements and the dietary levels needed to support these was associated with the fact that the apparent digestibility and biological value of the dietary protein were 0·92 and 0·602 respectively. Apart from small differences in the lysine content of body protein and the methionine: lysine ratio, the average amino acid composition of pigs killed at 8·0 kg, and from the diet of highest protein concentration at 20 kg, was similar to that of ideal protein, indicating that the low utilizability of dietary protein for tissue growth and maintenance was probably associated with low amino acid digestibility and/or availability. The implications of the results with respect to expression of the growing pig's requirements for protein and amino acids are discussed.

The influence of nutrition in early life on growth and development of the pig 1. Effects of protein nutrition prior and subsequent to 6·5 kg on growth and development to 45 kg

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
A. C. Dunkin
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Protein Treatment

ABSTRACTForty-five piglets were used to study the effects of feeding diets containing 153, 239 or 321 g crude protein per kg dry matter between 1·8 and 6·5 kg live weight, and low and high protein diets subsequent to 6·5 kg live weight on growth performance, body composition and the cellularity of skeletal muscle to 45 kg live weight.Reducing dietary crude protein between 1·8 and 6·5 kg live weight depressed growth performance and at 6·5 kg live weight increased body fat content but reduced body protein, body water and the weight and DNA content of the adductor muscle. The effects of dietary protein content before 6·5 kg live weight on body composition at the latter weight were still evident in pigs killed at 11·5 kg live weight whilst the differences in muscle DNA persisted to 45 kg live weight.On the lower protein treatment subsequent to 6·5 kg live weight there was a tendency for pigs given the lowest protein diet before 6-5 kg live weight to exhibit better growth performance and deposit protein at a faster rate than those given the higher protein diets. However, these responses were reversed on the higher protein treatment subsequent to 6·5 kg live weight.The effects of dietary protein content subsequent to 6·5 kg live weight on growth performance, body composition and the cellularity of muscle tissue were qualitatively the same as those for the live-weight phase 1·8 to 6·5 kg.

Reproductive performance in Holstein-Friesian cows in relation to genetic merit and level of feeding when grazing pasture

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Fulkerson ◽  
J. Wilkins ◽  
R. C. Dobos ◽  
G. M. Hough ◽  
M. E. Goddard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Mating Period ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

AbstractOne hundred and eight Holstein-Friesian cows in six herds were run on six separate farmlets over a 5-year period from 1995 to 1999 at Wollongbar Agricultural Institute, on the subtropical north coast of New South Wales, Australia. Three of the herds comprised high genetic merit (HGM) cows — Australian breeding value (ABV) of +49·1 kg for milk fat (F) plus protein (Pr) and three herds comprised low genetic merit (LGM) cows-ABV of 2·3 kg. Within genetic merit groupings, one herd was given 0·34 t (l), one herd was given 0·84 t (m) and one herd 1·71 t (h), of concentrate per cow per lactation. Within each genetic merit group, cows were matched for milk yield and live weight, and over all groups for time of calving and age at the commencement of the study. The 30 paddocks within each farmlet were matched between farmlets for pasture type and pasture growth rate and soil fertility. Half the cows within each herd calved over a 3-month period in spring and the other half in autumn. Strict management criteria ensured that there was no bias towards particular treatment groups.HGM cows were ‘open’ (days from calving to conception) for 8 days longer than the LGM cows (99 v. 91 days). The lHGM cows took 11 days longer to commence luteal phase activity and 21 days longer to first observed oestrus post calving than hLGM cows (P < 0·001), with the other groups being intermediate.After 24 days of mating, 22% of lHGM cows were pregnant, and this was less than half of the rate of the best herd-mLGM. After 9 weeks of mating, the chances of an LGM cow being pregnant was 87% greater than an HGM cow. After 12 weeks of mating, 70% of lHGM cows were pregnant compared with a mean pregnancy rate of 87% for the LGM cows.The number of cows treated for abnormal ovarian activity (anoestrus, cystic) was highest (P < 0·001) in the HGM herds given ‘l’ and ‘m’ levels of concentrate compared with the remaining herds (0·24 v. 0·12 treatments per cow mated, respectively).There was a significant positive relationship between live-weight change from 4 weeks before, to the start of, the mating period and the chances of a cow being pregnant at 24 days (P < 0·05) and at 6 and 9 weeks after the commencement of mating.There was a significant negative relationship (P < 0·001) between the change in daily F plus Pr yield, from the start to 4 weeks after mating began, and pregnancy rate at 9 weeks. The change in F plus Pr yield was +63 g/day for cows pregnant at nine weeks as opposed to +154 g/day for cows not pregnant.The results of the present study indicate that the reproductive performance of HGM cows, with a mean of 61% North American (NA) genes, is lower than LGM cows (22% NA genes) under a predominantly pasture-based system of farming. The influence on reproduction was possibly due to genes favouring partitioning of energy to milk yield rather than body-condition maintenance in the HGM cows and when food intake was inadequate, then being more willing to use body reserves.These reproductive problems may be reduced by more intensive reproductive management. However, such practices are costly and time consuming. Another approach may be to ensure that live-weight loss over the mating period is minimized by strategic supplementary feeding.

A note on meat production from pigs slaughtered after first weaning a litter

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Kotarbińska ◽  
J. Kielanowski
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
White Female ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Deposition

SUMMARYFourteen Large White female pigs were mated at about 6 months of age and 90 kg live weight. Three of them gave birth to very small litters and were slaughtered a week after parturition at an average live weight of 166 kg. From the other 11 females 6-week-old litters with average an of 8-8 piglets were weaned. Twenty-four days after weaning the mothers, averaging 152 kg live weight, were slaughtered. Performance was compared with that of unmated females slaughtered at 90 or 130 kg live weight. After subtracting the amount of feed used normally for the production of weaned litters from the total feed consumption of the 14 females which farrowed, the feed intake per 1 kg live-weight gain was 3·67 kg, as compared with 3·43 kg and 4·46 kg in the groups slaughtered at 90 or 130 kg live weight, respectively. The average daily protein deposition in the 14 females together with their litters was 119·6 g, compared with 104·1 and 81·4 g in the control groups.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary 20-hydroxyecdysone supplementation on whole-body protein turnover in growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 03008
Author(s):  
Olga Obvintseva ◽  
Kenes Erimbetov ◽  
Vitaly Mikhailov
Keyword(s):  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Experimental Group

One of the approaches to creating biologically active additives for use in pig breeding can be the use of 20-hydroxyecdysone regulating protein metabolism in piglets. The purpose of the work is to assess the effect of 20-hydroxyecdysone on turnover of protein in piglets. The experiment was carried out on barrows (♂ Danish Yorkshire × ♀ Danish landrace) to achieve a live weight of 53-62 kg. At the age of 60 days, 2 groups of piglets were formed: control and experimental. Piglets of the experimental group were injected with 20-hydroxyecdysone at a dose of 1.6 mg / kg body weight. In piglets of the experimental group, in comparison with the control, a decrease in the excretion of nitrogen in the urine was noted (by 26.8%, P <0.05). Nitrogen deposition was higher in piglets of the experimental group by 19.0% (P <0.001) compared with the control. 20-hydroxyecdysone contributed to increased protein deposition in the body of piglets due to protein synthesizing activity. Thus, the use of 20-hydroxyecdysone in pigs increases the efficiency of using amino acids for the synthesis and deposition of proteins in the body.

Effect of different protein and limiting amino acid levels coupled with a supplement of chromium picolinate on lipid metabolism and carcass characteristics of pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
T-F Lien ◽  
C-P Wu ◽  
B-H Lin ◽  
B-J Wang ◽  
J-J Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthetase ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Chromium Picolinate ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Levels

AbstractThis study investigated the response of different dietary protein and limiting amino acid concentrations coupled with a supplement of chromium in growing-finishing pigs. Sixty Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc bacon type pigs with an initial live weight of 33·08 (s.d. 4·80) kg were randomly assigned into six groups with an equal number of males and females. They were given diets containing proportionately 1·0, 1·1 or 1·2 of the National Research Council recommendation of crude protein and limiting amino acid (lysine and methionine) levels and coupled with supplementing chromium at 0 or 200 ng/kg in the form of chromium picolinate (Crpic). The experiment was completed when the pigs' live weight reached 120 kg. Experiment results indicated that different nutrient levels or Crpic supplement did not significantly affect pig growth (P > 0·05). However, both nutrient levels and Crpic supplementation increased y-globulin concentration (P < 0·05). In addition, Crpic supplement not only significantly reduced the backfat thickness, serum insulin level and VLDL-C + LDL-C concentration (P < 0·05) but also increased the loin-eye area and HDL-C concentration of pigs (P < 0·05). On the other hand, the particle sizes of HDL and VLDL were decreased and increased (P < 0·05), respectively. In addition, Crpic supplement increased the activities of adipose tissue lipogenesis related enzymes such as fatty acid synthetase, ATP-citrate cleavage enzyme and NADP-malic dehydrogenase (P < 0·05 to 0·001). In a similar manner, Crpic supplement increased the activities of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase and serum lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (P < 0·05). However, the interactions of nutrient levels × Crpic supplementation were insignificant (P > 0·05). Results in this study demonstrated that chromium picolinate supplement created a beneficial effect but supplements of chromium coupled with high dietary protein and limiting amino acid levels were unnecessary for bacon-type pigs.

scholarly journals Protein metabolism in growing lambs fed on fresh ryegrass (Lolium perenne)–clover (Trifolium repens) pasture ad lib. 1. Protein and energy deposition in response to abomasal infusion of casein and methionine

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Barry
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Energy Deposition ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Deposition

1. Male lambs that had been born in autumn and wintered on forage diets were cannulated in the abomasum, confined indoors in individual pens, and fed on fresh primary growth ryegrass (Lolium perenne) – clover (Trifolium repens) pasture ad lib, for a 12-week period during spring. Mean diet organic matter digestibility (OMD) was 0/76, nitrogen content 29 g/kg dry matter (DM) and metabolizable energy (ME) content 11.1 MJ/kg DM. Thirteen lambs were infused into the abomasum with 44 g sodium caseinate +0/5 g L-methionine/d and 12 lambs were similarly infused with equivalent amounts of inorganic sodium and phosphorus. Initial live weight was 16/5 kg.2. The twenty-five treatment lambs were slaughtered at the end of the experiment, and thirteen similar lambs were slaughtered when the experiment commenced. Body composition was determined and rates of protein, fat and energy deposition were calculated using comparative slaughter procedures.3. Voluntary herbage DOM intakes tended to be slightly greater for control than protein-infused lambs, but calculated ME intakes including that infused as amino acids were similar for the two groups. Live-weight gains were 79 and 99 g/d for control and protein-infused lambs respectively (P < 0/05) and corresponding values for carcass gain: live-weight gain were 0/44 and 0/50 (P < 0/01), Wool growth was markedly increased by the amino acid infusion.4. Carcass and whole body protein content was increased 10 g/kg by the protein infusion (P < 0/01) and fat content depressed approximately 25 g/kg (P < 0/05). Rates of protein deposition in both carcass and wool-free whole body were markedly increased by protein infusion, and total deposition including wool was 12.6 and 21.0 g/d for control and protein-infused lambs (P < 0/001). Energy deposited in protein as a proportion of total energy deposition was 0/27 and 0/41 for control and protein-infused lambs (P < 0/001), but total energy retention and the efficiency of utilization of ME for growth did not differ between the two groups of lambs.5. It was estimated that 60 and 100 g total amino acids/d were absorbed from the small intestine in the control and protein-infused lambs respectively, corresponding to 0.16 and 0/25 of total ME intake. It was concluded that absorption of protein from the small intestine was limiting protein deposition in the growing lambs fed on fresh ryegrass-based spring pasture in this study. Absorption of cystine+methionine was specifically shown to be limiting. However, the protein deficiency was not a major factor in the low value for the efficiency of utilization of ME for growth for this diet (0/30).

scholarly journals Partitioning of dietary nitrogen between body components and waste in young growing pigs

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
P. Bikker ◽  
M.W.A. Verstegen ◽  
S. Tamminga
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
High Energy Level ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen

In experiment 1, 90 female pigs were fed, from 20 to 45 kg, at two energy intake levels (2x and 3x maintenance requirement) and 15 protein intakes ranging from 127 to 350 g/day. Protein deposition increased linearly with increasing protein intake until a plateau in deposition was reached at 106 and 126 g/day at the low and high energy level, respectively. Marginal efficiency of utilization of ileal digestible lysine was 0.74 for the two energy levels. In a second experiment, 24 female pigs were fed a protein-adequate diet at six levels of energy intake ranging from 1.7x maintenance to ad libitum. Protein deposition increased from 70 to 172 g/day, with increasing feed intake. The proportion of body protein deposited as lean tissue decreased from 0.62 to 0.55 with increasing feed intake. Consequences of these results for a more sustainable animal production are discussed.

Comparative energy and protein utilization in kids and lambs

1991 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Alam ◽  
D. P. Poppi ◽  
A. R. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Free Body

SUMMARYTwenty-eight male castrate kids and 28 male castrate lambs were assigned to a comparative slaughter experiment to compare energy and protein utilization. The experiment was conducted from January to March at Lincoln, New Zealand. Ten animals of each species comprised the initial slaughter group while the remaining 18 animals were randomly allocated to five feeding regimes. Animals were offered high-quality meadow hay for 13 weeks and then slaughtered. The energy retained in the body was regressed against metabolizable energy intake (MEI) to obtain estimates of maintenance energy requirement (MEm) and efficiency of energy utilization for growth (kg).Kids tended to have a higher MEm (0·44 v. 0·37 MJ ME/kg W0·75 per day in kids and lambs, respectively) and a higher kg (0·28v. 0·22) though these differences were not significant. There was no difference between the species in the composition of gain of the fleece or hair-free body with a protein energy to gross energy ratio in the gain of 0·20. The fleece or hair-free body composition was similar for both species (initial 0·51v. 0·48; final 0·36 v. 0·32; protein energy:gross energy, kids and lambs, respectively). Overall, the values for kg in both species were low and could not be explained solely by the composition of the gain.The efficiency of use of apparently absorbed amino acid (AA) for fleece or hair-free body protein deposition was higher for kids (0·52 v. 0·29) and, when the fleece or hair was included, the value increased markedly for lambs (0·50 v. 0·41, kids v. lambs, respectively). The protein energy apparently absorbed in the small intestine/MEI was not high or different between species (mean 0·18). The efficiency values for both species are low and not explained by the supply of protein relative to energy, which was not high.It was concluded that, with high-quality forage used to promote live weight gain, there was little difference between kids and lambs in the utilization of forage energy, and that the efficiency of utilization of absorbed protein for protein deposition was lower than expected in both species.

scholarly journals The effect of dietary protein content and feeding level on the rate of protein deposition and energy utilization in growing Iberian pigs from 15 to 50kg body weight

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nieto ◽  
A. Miranda ◽  
M. A. García ◽  
J. F. Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Feeding Regimen

The effects of dietary protein content and feeding level on the utilization of metabolizable energy (ME) and on the rates of gain, protein and fat deposition have been studied in seventy-two Iberian pigs growing from 15 to 50 kg body weight (BW) by means of comparative slaughter experiments. The animals were fed on six diets providing 223, 192, 175, 156, 129 and 101 g crude ideal protein (N×6·25; CP)/kg DM and 14·64, 14·14, 14·37, 14·80, 15·36 and 15·53 MJ ME/kg DM respectively. Each diet was offered at three levels of feeding: 0·60, 0·80 and 0·95×ad libitum intake. Protein deposition (PD) increased significantly (P<0·01) with each decrease in dietary CP content and reached a maximum value (74·0 g) when the diet providing 129 g CP/kg DM (6·86 g digestible ideal protein/MJ ME) was offered at the highest feeding level. This feeding regimen resulted in average values for live-weight gain and retained energy (RE) of 559 g/d and 10·9 MJ/d respectively. RE increased significantly (P<0·001) from 480 to 626 kJ/kg BW0·75 with each decrease in dietary CP content from 192 to 129 g/kg DM. Raising the level of feed intake led to significant linear increases in PD and RE irrespective of the diet fed (P<0·001). When diets approaching an adequate supply of CP were given, the net efficiency of use of ME for growth (kw) and the maintenance energy requirements were 58·2 % and 422 kJ/kg BW0·75 per d respectively.

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