Early Medieval Bone Spoons from Winchester

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Collis ◽  
Birthe Kjølbye-Biddle
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Late Roman

SummaryWinchester has produced six bone spatulate spoons decorated with Ringerike–Winchester style engravings which are, in some cases, dated by their contexts to the eleventh century. The range of motifs and the style of execution suggest they are the work of an individual craftsman. They form part of a sequence of spoons spanning the period from the late Roman to the thirteenth century, but unlike the examples in more precious substances, which have primarily Christian ecclesiastical associations, the wooden and bone spoons of the eleventh century seem, at least from their contexts, to be domestic.

A Florilegium on the Ecclesiastical Grades in CLM 19414: Testimony to Ninth-Century Clerical Institution

1970 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger E. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Sacramental Theology ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Religious Instruction ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
Medieval Canon Law

The treasure manuscriptClm 19414of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich has for many years provided scholars in three fields of study with a rich lode of material. Art historians have found one of the best examples of fourteenth-century GermanBibliae pauperumin this manuscript. Historians of canon law have discovered several books of the early eleventh-centuryCollectio XII Partium. For historians of the barbarian lawsClm 19414contains an excellent witness to theLex Baiuwariorum. The purpose of this article is to bring to light another portion ofClm 19414, a florilegium on the ecclesiastical grades which should be of interest to historians of early medieval canon law, religious instruction, and sacramental theology.

The Manuscripts of the Metamorphoses of Apvleivs. I

1924 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Enormous Number

The later MSS. of the Metamorphoses of Apuleius have received little attention. Hildebrand's edition, the last to give an extensive apparatus criticus, appeared in 1842, and seven years later Keil announced his belief that all the MSS. which he had seen in Italy were derived from Laur. 68. 2 (F), the famous eleventh century MS., written at Monte Cassino, and now at Florence. Since Keil, all texts have been based almost exclusively on F, with assistance from its twelfth or thirteenth century copy Laur. 29. 2 (φ), in the enormous number of places where F is now illegible.

Education and Community Formation

2018 ◽  
pp. 181-198
Author(s):  
Jack Tannous
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Christian Education ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Community Formation ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Tiered System ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Late Roman

This chapter studies Christian education in the post-Chalcedonian Middle East. It is unlikely that an attempt would be made to educate all young Christian boys—the need for child labor in an overwhelmingly agrarian society would have made such a goal difficult to achieve. In fact, it was perhaps only in the regions which surrounded certain especially strong monasteries that educating all boys was even an ideal. However, one should still recognize that the spread of Christianity in the Middle East and the post-Chalcedonian increase in educational efforts must have had a positive effect on literacy rates, even if those rates remained quite low. A two-tiered system seems to have been the most typical course that education took in the late Roman and early medieval Middle East. Indeed, some members of the clergy would receive more than just the basic education.

The Byzantine Background

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-98
Author(s):  
James Morton
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
Unleavened Bread

Chapter 4 examines the surviving nomocanonical manuscripts from the period of Byzantine rule in early medieval southern Italy (tenth–eleventh centuries). Very few manuscripts survive from before the twelfth century, so their content must be reconstructed from later codices. Nonetheless, this chapter argues that enough evidence has been preserved to prove that Byzantine canon law was firmly established in southern Italy from the time of the empire’s ecclesiastical and administrative reorganisations of the ninth and tenth centuries. The chapter shows that, as the Byzantines reconquered territories from the Lombards and established new ecclesiastical centres in Reggio, S. Severina, and Otranto, they introduced the Nomocanon in Fourteen Titles, the Nomocanon in Fifty Titles, and the Synopsis of Canons to serve as legal reference works. It then focuses on the Carbone nomocanon (Vat. gr. 1980–1981), the only complete nomocanon to survive from the era of Byzantine rule, arguing that it was probably produced in the eleventh century for use by a Greek bishop in Lucania. The manuscript’s contents and marginalia indicate that its owner was fully aligned with the legal system of Constantinople and show no influences from neighbouring Latin jurisdictions. Finally, the chapter looks at evidence from the period of Norman conquest in the late eleventh century, revealing how the resulting tensions between Latin and Greek Christians in the region left traces of contemporary Byzantine polemic against the azyma (unleavened bread in the Eucharist) in Calabrian nomocanons of the twelfth century.

scholarly journals Trade and Urbanisation in Early Medieval Southern Karnataka: As Reflected in the Western Ganga Inscriptions

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-149
Author(s):  
Yogender Dayma
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
The State ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Urban Centre ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Revenue Collection ◽  
The Creation

The present study is an attempt to reconstruct the condition of trade and urbanisation under the Western Gangas (c. fourth to early eleventh century ce), the founders of the first indigenous state in southern Karnataka. Primarily based on the inscriptions issued by them, the study tries to trace the processes leading to the emergence of urban centre under the Western Gangas. It is argued that the Western Ganga rule did not coincide with any phase of decline in trade and commerce, as argued by the proponents of Indian Feudalism model. The state under the Western Gangas contributed to the process of urbanisation in a number of ways. The state restructured the economy of the territories under its control by promoting agrarian expansion, creating new networks of revenue collection and its redistribution. The demand for the goods and services created by the state and its agents, particularly religious establishments, necessitated their movement at intra-regional and inter-regional levels, and thus resulted in the expansion of the already existing centres of exchange as well as the creation of new ones. In other words, the process of urbanisation in the region may be attributed to the processes related to agrarian growth and the emergence of a complex indigenous power structure. The argument has been substantiated with the help of the study of urban centres, namely Perura, Kovalalapura, Manyapura, and Talavanapura.

Some Features of the Old Castilian Alfonsine Translation of ʿAlī Ibn Khalaf’s Treatise on the Lámina Universal

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-5) ◽  
pp. 106-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Calvo
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Technical Vocabulary ◽  
Scientific Circle ◽  
Astronomical Instrument ◽  
Technical Terms

Abstract The aim of the paper is to present some features of the treatise on the lámina universal, an astronomical instrument devised by ʿAlī ibn Khalaf, an eleventh-century Andalusi mathematician and astronomer who belonged to the scientific circle of Ṣāʿid al- Andalusī. ʿAlī ibn Khalaf was a contemporary of Ibn al-Zarqālluh (al-Zarqālī, Azarquiel), also a mathematician and astronomer working under Ṣāʿid’s patronage, and the inven- tor of the instrument known as azafea. Both instruments, the lámina universal and the azafea, are universal instruments devised to overcome the limitations of the standard astrolabe. The only text describing ʿAlī ibn Khalaf’s instrument is the thirteenth- century old-Castilian Alfonsine translation, which has not been studied in detail up to now, although some preliminary studies have been published. The present study deals with some linguistic and technical difficulties of the text. In many passages, it seems to follow literally the grammatical structure of the Arabic language while in others, the lack of technical terms forced the translators to resort either to a literal transcription of the original Arabic terminology or, in some cases, to approximate translations that make the text somewhat difficult to follow. The paper provides additional information related mainly to the astronomical parameters and the technical vocabulary used in the translation.

scholarly journals Elites in the Early Middle Ages: Identities, Strategies, Mobility

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (04) ◽  
pp. 733-768
Author(s):  
François Bougard ◽  
Geneviève Bührer-Thierry ◽  
Régine Le Jan
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Political Sociology ◽  
Social Position ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Early Middle Ages

When considering status within early medieval societies, it is necessary to set aside juridical classifications in favor of concepts derived from political sociology—the notion of an “elite” can thus encompass any individual occupying an elevated social position within his or her community, be it through wealth, power, or culture. Using textual and archaeological sources, historians can seek out the processes of distinction and social recognition that were characteristic of elites throughout the early Middle Ages (from the sixth to the eleventh century). The Carolingian period shows signs of increasing hierarchization, which led both individuals and groups to devise strategies for bolstering their position and forestalling the loss of social status. Within the framework of these processes of social mobility, it becomes possible to examine elites at various levels and from different chronological and regional perspectives while avoiding an overly structural analysis.

The Goddess Kāmākhyā: Religio-political Implications in the Tribalisation Process

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Eugenio Rosati
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
University Of Rome ◽  
Sexual Symbolism

This article examines the cross-cultural influence that worked on the absorption process of the goddess Kāmākhyā (Assam) within the Brahmanic pantheon, through a correlation of textual and historical-religious pieces of evidence. 2 2  This article is an enlarged and revised version of a paper that I presented on 18 September 2015 during the sixth Coffee Break Conference (17–19 September) held at the Italian Institute of Oriental Studies of ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome. In Assam, the cross-cultural interaction, between local tribes and Indo-Aryan speakers, began around 200 BCE–100 CE—when the Vedic culture had already changed from its earlier theological pattern. Therefore, after had been influenced by a long cross-cultural negotiation, the early medieval north-eastern purāṇas transformed the dakṣayajña myth, legitimising the temple of Kāmākhyā on Nīlācala as the greatest śākta pīṭha (seat of power), where the yoni (vulva) of Sat ī was preserved. In this way, the Purāṇas reconnected Nīlācala–Kāmākhyā not only to the sexual symbolism, but also to an ancient cremation ground and its death imaginary–a fact that the systematisation of the yoginī cult (ninth–eleventh century) into the Yoginī Kaula school corroborated. In this cross-cultural context, the early medieval Assamese dynasties emerged tied to the danger of liminal powers—linked to both the heterodox śākta-tantra sects and tribal traditions that were harnessed by the kings through the exoteric and esoteric rituals practised at Kāmākhyā.

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