Education and Community Formation

2018 ◽  
pp. 181-198
Author(s):  
Jack Tannous
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Christian Education ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Community Formation ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Tiered System ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Late Roman

This chapter studies Christian education in the post-Chalcedonian Middle East. It is unlikely that an attempt would be made to educate all young Christian boys—the need for child labor in an overwhelmingly agrarian society would have made such a goal difficult to achieve. In fact, it was perhaps only in the regions which surrounded certain especially strong monasteries that educating all boys was even an ideal. However, one should still recognize that the spread of Christianity in the Middle East and the post-Chalcedonian increase in educational efforts must have had a positive effect on literacy rates, even if those rates remained quite low. A two-tiered system seems to have been the most typical course that education took in the late Roman and early medieval Middle East. Indeed, some members of the clergy would receive more than just the basic education.

Converting to Islam and Returning to Christianity

2018 ◽  
pp. 29-79
Author(s):  
Christian C. Sahner
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Religious Change ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Mixed Families

This chapter explores the nature of conversion in the early medieval Middle East by focusing on the first half of these convert martyrs, who began their lives as Christians, embraced Islam, and then returned to Christianity. Among these, there were several subgroups, including Christians who converted to Islam as slaves or prisoners, Christians who converted under disputed or contingent circumstances, and martyrs who were brought up in religiously mixed families. Because of the contingent nature of this process, conversions could also be undone, leading to sizable numbers of apostates over the course of the seventh, eighth, and ninth centuries. Even if the number of apostates paled in comparison with the number of those who converted and remained Muslims, their paths in and out of Islam tells a great deal about how conversion worked, especially the myriad social, spiritual, economic, and political pressures that powered religious change in the period.

Reshaping Marketplaces

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-174
Author(s):  
Fanny Bessard
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Early Islam ◽  
Early Islamic

Early Islamic marketplaces have been studied almost exclusively for their art historical and architectural values, by Maxime Rodinson in the preface of El señor del zoco en España, while their functioning and process of development have not yet been fully elucidated. It is also believed that marketplaces in early Islam functioned as their late antique predecessors, with apparently nothing bequeathed from pre-Islamic Arabia, where dedicated spaces for trade were extremely rare. This chapter considers what happened to urban marketplaces in the Near East after the Muslim conquests, to look at the fate of the late antique legacy under the new Arab masters—a people with contrasting indigenous commercial traditions—in the context of new power dynamics from 700 to 950. It explores the ways in which early medieval marketplaces differed from the late antique past, and the role they played in the agrarian society of early Islam.

The Islamic East a millennium ago: Biruni’s world

Biruni ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
George Malagaris
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Complex World ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Medieval Islam

Biruni constantly investigated his complex world in its natural and historical aspects. He perceived his homeland of Khwarazm in the manner of a modern physical geographer while simultaneously maintaining awareness of its underlying cultural currents and far-flung connections with distant lands. He appreciated that the notion of a region depended on cultural and political factors; indeed, the modern usage of the terms Central Asia, Middle East, and South Asia implies a multiplicity of histories, as he doubtlessly would have understood. Biruni himself frequently commented on its significance and persistently sought to interpret its underlying tendencies throughout his writing. Whether he touched on the topics of ancient Iran, late antique Hellenism, or early medieval Islam, Biruni added to the knowledge of his contemporaries, and the survival of his works has augmented our own.

scholarly journals Pendekatan Humanis-Relegius pada Pendidikan Kristen sebagai Pembentukan Karakter Generasi Milenial

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Petrus Marija ◽  
Yudhi Kawangung ◽  
Munatar Kause
Keyword(s):  
Christian Education ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Process Indicators ◽  
Humanist Education ◽  
Self Actualization ◽  
Depth Study

Prior to basic education with an age range of 6 or 7, and 8 or 9 years was a vulnerable period of cognitive, psychological, and emotional development. Children need education that can form good character and can reflect Christian values in their lives. The shift in the pattern of parental education as the first educational environment due to busy parents allows the lack of inculcation of character in the family environment. Schools become the foundation of hope for the formation of children's character in preparing generations in the millennial era. In the education process, indicators of success in learning methods are students enthusiastic about the lesson, happy, a change in thinking and attitudes of the learner's own will. Humans have a tendency for self-actualization because humans move forward to perfection or potential. Each individual has the creative ability to solve the problem. Religious humanist education contains two educational concepts that we want to integrate, namely humanist education and religious education. Integrating these two educational concepts with the aim of being able to build an education system that can shape the character of millennial generation through Christian Education. This type of research is an intrinsic case study (Intrinsic case study). Researchers focus on one particular object and are appointed as a case for in-depth study. so as to discover the reality behind the phenomenon. Based on the results of the analysis it is known that religious humanist education in Christian education has linear compounds, so the formation of the character of children, especially in this millennium era will be very tested when the religious humanist approach to Christian education can be actually carried out by educators and or educational institutions (Christian). 

‘Instructing readers’ minds in heavenly matters’: Carolingian History Writing and Christian Education

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 56-71
Author(s):  
Robert A. H. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Christian Education ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
History Writing ◽  
The West ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Historia Ecclesiastica ◽  
Late Roman

This article explores the ways in which histories were used in the moral and doctrinal education of Christian elites in the West from the late Roman to the Carolingian periods. In the sixth century, Cassiodorus wrote that histories, whether Christian or not, were useful for ‘instructing the minds of readers in heavenly matters’. How far was this characteristic of the period? Traditionally, scholars have emphasized either the apologetic purpose or the moral of specific histories, such as Orosius'sHistoriaeor Bede'sHistoria Ecclesiastica. Few modern scholars, however, have examined the long-term development of history writing as a vehicle for Christian education during the transformation of the Roman world. Those who have done, such as Karl-Ferdinand Werner and Hans-Werner Goetz, have emphasized continuity rather than change. The article sketches some of the changes and continuities across the period. In particular, it demonstrates that there was a shift from the apologetic concerns of the fifth-century historians, writing to educate Christians from pagan backgrounds, to the doctrinal (as much as moral) concerns of Frankish historians, emerging from the Carolingian Renaissance.

Wysokie krzyże iryjskie a grobowce Edessy

Vox Patrum ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 111-119
Author(s):  
Ryszarda M. Bulas
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Cultural Affinity ◽  
Artistic Tradition

The author in the article refers to a broad discussion on the origin of ideas and artistic inspiration for Celtic crosses. She refers to a Hilary Richardson of the Armenian and Georgian origin of the concept of the Celtic cross, also to the results of her book The symbols of pagan Celtic crosses. Myths, symbols, images. In this book she indicates a cultural affinity of Ireland and the Syria. She points to the compositional and iconographic parallels between the Early Medieval Irish crosses and tombs mosaics of Edessa, dated to the III century. Reinforcing the thesis of H. Richardson, indicates the possibility of the existence an artistic tradition, in Late Antiquity and Early Medieval Syria, which is able to reach Ireland. She indicates the Celtic crosses, which have the most parallels with Syrian decoration (monasteries from Arboe, Monasterboice, Kells, Clones). The author concludes that they are grouped only in the Middle East of Ireland, in several counties (Louth, Meath, Monaghan, Tyron).

All-Indian Shiʿism, Colonial Modernity, And The Challenge Of Pakistan

2019 ◽  
pp. 16-52
Author(s):  
Simon Wolfgang Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Community Formation ◽  
Leadership Position ◽  
Deep Impact ◽  
Colonial Modernity ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Creation

This chapter explores the late colonial milieu with its opposing discourses of communalism and nationalism that left a deep impact on Shi‘i community formation. In the first half of the 20th century, India’s Shi‘is portrayed themselves as being on a higher spiritual level in contrast to the common (Sunni) Muslims. Yet, once the Muslim League (ML) adopted the creation of Pakistan as its goal, influential Shi‘i voices expressed deep and increasing skepticism toward the founding of a state that claimed to form an inclusive homeland for all Muslims of the subcontinent. This chapter further demonstrates the substantial links that connected South Asian Shi‘is to major events in the Middle East. Finally, the chapter shows that Lucknow’s religious scholars were far from secure in their leadership position of the Shi‘i community. The modernist-minded All India Shi‘a Conference (AISC) viewed these mujtahids as hopelessly out of touch with the challenges of the time and regarded the AISC as a more appropriate vehicle of communal leadership.

Creating Saints and Communities

2018 ◽  
pp. 199-240
Author(s):  
Christian C. Sahner
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Arab Culture ◽  
The Third ◽  
Conversion To Islam ◽  
The Social

This chapter considers what hagiography meant as a genre of literature in the postconquest period. It investigates the rhetorical goals of these texts, arguing that many were written by monks and priests to discourage conversion to Islam and to condemn Christians who were drawn too closely to Arab culture. It then suggests that the martyrologies enshrined the views of one side of an intra-Christian debate about the threats of Islamization and Arabization. The chapter is organized into three sections. The first examines the social and religious backdrop of martyrology-writing, namely, the perceived threat of Islamization and Arabization. The second section discusses the authors of the texts and their motives. The third section explores how these attitudes mapped onto Christian sectarianism in the early medieval Middle East.

Sharia Status of Child Labor

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ilyas
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Social System ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health Rights ◽  
Islamic Society

Islam is a complete code of life. It provides us with dynamic rules and regulations to lead a perfect, prosperous ideal life. The social system of Islam is abided by certain rules and rights for each and every individual of an Islamic society. Children are the most delicate and sensitive members of any society and are to be dealt with empathy and love. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) says “Those are not among us who don’t show mercy on younger and respect their elders”. But, unfortunately we as Pakistani Muslims don’t implement such injunctions. Child labor is one of the biggest socio-economic problems of under developed & some developing countries like Pakistan. Some vital initiatives are to be taken to eradicate this problem as it’s been dealt with many times but those efforts were not fruitful completely. The aim of this paper is to discuss child labor in terms of forceful work that kids are obliged to do which affect their basic education & health rights. I have discussed this issue from an Islamic perspective highlighting the different views of our respected Islamic scholar and followed it by a critical analysis of some of the views.

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