scholarly journals Trade and Urbanisation in Early Medieval Southern Karnataka: As Reflected in the Western Ganga Inscriptions

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-149
Author(s):  
Yogender Dayma
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
The State ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Urban Centre ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Revenue Collection ◽  
The Creation

The present study is an attempt to reconstruct the condition of trade and urbanisation under the Western Gangas (c. fourth to early eleventh century ce), the founders of the first indigenous state in southern Karnataka. Primarily based on the inscriptions issued by them, the study tries to trace the processes leading to the emergence of urban centre under the Western Gangas. It is argued that the Western Ganga rule did not coincide with any phase of decline in trade and commerce, as argued by the proponents of Indian Feudalism model. The state under the Western Gangas contributed to the process of urbanisation in a number of ways. The state restructured the economy of the territories under its control by promoting agrarian expansion, creating new networks of revenue collection and its redistribution. The demand for the goods and services created by the state and its agents, particularly religious establishments, necessitated their movement at intra-regional and inter-regional levels, and thus resulted in the expansion of the already existing centres of exchange as well as the creation of new ones. In other words, the process of urbanisation in the region may be attributed to the processes related to agrarian growth and the emergence of a complex indigenous power structure. The argument has been substantiated with the help of the study of urban centres, namely Perura, Kovalalapura, Manyapura, and Talavanapura.

Russia’s image in the modern world: ratings, risks, ways to improve

2021 ◽  
pp. 761-771
Author(s):  
Natalya Jurievna Rodigina ◽  
Ofeliia Andranikovna Azarova ◽  
Oxana Eduardovna Kirtoake
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Positive Image ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Global Innovation ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Stability

Today every state is interested in creating and maintaining a positive image of the country because it serves as a means of achieving success. The image of the state determines its international heft, impact in various spheres. A positive image of the country will promote cooperation with various countries, the development of trade and economic relations with them, while a negative image of the country can be used by the opposition to criticize the government and its policies. There are a large number of different factors that have a direct impact on the creation of the image of the state: natural factors; the availability of resources; the culture of the country; the political system; the stability of the economy; scientific achievements; exports of goods and services; etc. The article outlines the stages of the creation of the image of Russia, as well as the directions that are most actively involved in it. The article analyzes the position of Russia in such international ratings as the Doing Business, the IMD World Competitiveness Ranking, the Global Innovation Index ranking and the Human Development Index ranking. The article also outlines the principles on which all stages of creating and promoting a country’s image should be based. Special attention is paid to the ways to improve the image of Russia in the world.

Rabbinic Politics, Royal Conquest, and the Creation of a Halakhic Tradition in Medieval Provence

2018 ◽  
pp. 173-192
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Southern France ◽  
Jewish Culture ◽  
Rabbinic Judaism ◽  
Northern France ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
The Creation

This chapter reviews the Jewish culture of early medieval Europe, which is largely hidden by the mists of time and emerges into the light of surviving literary evidence only in the eleventh century. It refers to R. Isaac ben Jacob of Fez and R. Gershom ben Judah of Mainz, who provide a starting point for solid information about what rabbinic Judaism looked like in Spain and Germany. It also mentions R. Solomon ben Isaac (Rashi), who inaugurated the most creative Talmud centre in medieval Europe after he travelled from his home in northern France to the academies of the Rhineland. The chapter talks about historians who theorize about what was going on in the Midi while the Spanish and German academies were putting down roots. It also probes the scholarly consensus that detects an early Ashkenazi orientation in southern France.

Eurasian Economic Union: A sober look

2016 ◽  
pp. 43-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Vinokurov
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Macroeconomic Policies ◽  
Member States ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
Trade And Investment

The paper appraises current progress in establishing the Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Although the progress has slowed down after the initial rapid advancement, the Union is better viewed not as an exception from the general rules of regional economic integration but rather as one of the functioning customs unions with its successes and stumbling blocs. The paper reviews the state of Eurasian institutions, the establishment of the single market of goods and services, the situation with mutual trade and investment flows among the member states, the ongoing work on the liquidation/unification of non-tariff barriers, the problems of the efficient coordination of macroeconomic policies, progress towards establishing an EAEU network of free trade areas with partners around the world, the state of the common labor market, and the dynamics of public opinion on Eurasian integration in the five member states.

To Study the impact of Gabbar Singh tax or Goods & services tax for Restaurant and Food Services Business in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (12) ◽  
pp. 32-48
Author(s):  
Mr. Arun Gautam ◽  
Dr. Saurabh Sharma ◽  
CA Narendra Kumar Bansal
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Assessment Framework ◽  
Food Services ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Single Tax ◽  
The Impact

GST that is Goods and Services Tax has been in compel since first July, 2017 and which is, in constrain on numerous countries globally and they all were thinking about it as their business assessment framework. The principle reason for GST is to realize single tax on products at both centre and the state level in the nation.

ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS OF ONOMASTIC STANDARDIZATION: BELARUSIAN EXPERIENCE

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-82
Author(s):  
I.L. Kapylou
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
The Creation

The article describes the achievements and determines the prospects for the standardization of Belarusian onyms: it examines the problems associated with the establishment of official written forms of toponyms, the creation of normative onomastic reference books, the functioning of onyms in the situation of the state Belarusian-Russian bilingualism in Belarus, the transliteration of foreign names into the Belarusian language, the preparation of a legal framework and development of a program for proper names romanization.

The Museum Istiqlal The Case of an Indonesian Islamic Museum

SUHUF ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-357
Author(s):  
Jonathan Zilberg
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
The State ◽  
Education Sector ◽  
Significant Potential ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Government

This article describes the conflicted genesis of the Museum Istiqlal, the history of  the creation of the collection, and the state of the institution relative to other Indonesian museums. It emphasizes both  positive developments underway and the historical problems facing the institution. Above all, it focuses on the role the museum was originally intended to serve for the Indonesian Muslim public sphere and the significant potential the museum has to better serve that mission in the national and international sphere. In short, the article emphasizes that in the context of the Government of Indonesia’s current four year plan to revive the museum sector, the problems and opportunities presented at the Museum Istiqlal are symptomatic of endemic national challenges for both the museum and the education sector.

Prologue to peacekeeping: Ireland and the Saar, 1934–5

1997 ◽  
Vol 30 (119) ◽  
pp. 420-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
League Of Nations ◽  
The State ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
Free State ◽  
International Labour Organisation ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
The Status ◽  
Assistant Director ◽  
The Creation ◽  
International Peacekeeping

A list from September 1939 of files destroyed by the Department of External Affairs in the invasion scares of 1939–40 contains an intriguing reference to the possibility of dispatching Irish military forces to the Saarland on the Franco-German border in the winter of 1934–5. There they would serve as part of an international peacekeeping force while a plebiscite on the status of the territory was carried out under League of Nations auspices in January 1935. The context of this article is the events surrounding the creation of the peacekeeping force in December 1934.That the Irish Free State should be mentioned as a possible contributor to the international force for the Saar is an illustration of the emerging mediatory role the state was to adopt after its three-year term on the League Council concluded in September 1933. With an Irish diplomat, Sean Lester, seconded to League service as High Commissioner in Danzig from 1934, and with Irish-born Edward Phelan, Assistant Director of the International Labour Organisation, being mentioned as a possible contender for the League post of Deputy Secretary-General in 1933, and with Eamon de Valera rising in importance as an international statesman and League supporter, Ireland’s involvement in the Saar was both an illustration and a result of the state’s prominent position in the League in the early to mid-1930s.

scholarly journals FRONTIER, FORTIFICATION, AND FORESTATION: DEFENSIVE WOODLAND ON THE SONG–LIAO BORDER IN THE LONG ELEVENTH CENTURY

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-334
Author(s):  
Yuan Julian Chen
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Capital City ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Song ◽  
The Creation

ABSTRACTThis article examines the creation, preservation, and destruction of the defensive forest that the Northern Song built in Hebei along the Song–Liao border. Created as a landscape barrier against the Kitan attacks, this forest established the necessary strategic depth between the capital city and the northern frontline of the Song empire to compensate for Kaifeng's geographical vulnerability. While the Song government painstakingly maintained this forest throughout most of the dynasty, Liao troops, Hebei borderland residents, and many Song officials had nonetheless posed incessant challenges to this military forestation project. In 1122/23, at the onset of the war on the Liao to retrieve the Sixteen Prefectures, the Song army removed this borderland forest that blocked their northern expedition. The destruction of this defensive forest, which could have had thwarted attacks from the north, dismantled the strategic depth between Kaifeng and the Hebei borderland and henceforth presaged the fall of Kaifeng to the Jin, the Liao's successor, in a few years. I argue that this strategic depth was not only a physical distance, but also a diplomatic, sociopolitical, and military link that connected the ecology of the Song's northernmost periphery and the fate of the entire empire.

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