Mediterranen archaeology - OLIVER Dickinson. The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age: Continuity and change between the twelfth and eighth centuries BC. xvi+298 pages, 57 illustrations, 2 tables. 2006. Abingdon: Routledge; 978-0-415-13589-4 hardback; 978-0-415-13590-0 paperback £16.99; 978-0-203-96836 e-book. - D. Evely (ed.). LefkandiIV. The Bronze Age: The Late Helladic IIIC Settlement at Xeropolis (British School at Athens Supplementary Volume 39). xviii+332 pages, 104 figures, 103 plates, CD-ROM. 2006. London: British School at Athens; 0-904887-51-0 hardback £98 + p&p. - CATIE Mihalopoulos. Corpus of Cypriote Antiquities 29: Cypriote Antiquities in Collections in Southern California (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology XX, 29). 64 pages, 54 plates. 2006. Savedalen: Paul Astrom; 978-91-7081-220-0 paperback. - Peter Attema, Albert Nijboer & Andrea Zifferero (ed). Papers in Italian Archaeology VI. Communities and Settlements from the Neolithic to the Early Medieval period (Proceedings of the 6th Conference ofItalian Archaeologyheldat the University ofGroningen, Groningen Institute ofArchaeology, The Netherlands, April 15-17, 2003) (British Archaeological Report International Series 1452 I & II). xx+1080 pages, numerous illustrations & tables. 2005. Oxford: Archaeopress; 1-84171-888-2 paperback £120 (both volumes). - Stephan Steingräber, translated by Russell Stockman. Abundance of Life: Etruscan Wall Painting from the Geometric period to the Hellenistic period (published in Italian as Pittura murale etrusca by Arsenale, Verona 2006). 328 pages, 250 colour illustrations. 2006, Los Angeles (CA): J. Paul Getty Museum; 978-0-89236-865-5 hardback £80. - John R. Patterson. Landscapes & Cities: Rural Settlement and Civic Transformations in Early Imperial Italy. xiv+348 pages, 17 illustrations. 2006. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 978-0-19-8140887 hardback £60. - Richard Hodges. Eternal Butrint: A UNESCO World heritage Site in Albania. xiv+256 pages, numerous b&w & colour illustrations. 2006. London: Butrint Foundation//General Penne; 978905680-01-6 hardback. - Arthur Evans. Ancient Illyria: An Archaeological Exploration (first published as Antiquarian Researches in Illyricum in Archaeologia 1885 & 1886; other paper in Numismatic Chronicle 1880 and introduction by John Wilkes in Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, London 1976). xxii+340 pages, 143 illustrations. 2006. London; I.B. Tauris/Centre for Albanian Studies; 978-84511-167-0 hardback £45. - Branko Kirigin, Nikša Vujnović, Slobodan Čače, Vincent Gaffney, Tomaž Podobnikar, Zoran Stančič & Josip Burmaz (ed. by Vincent Gaffney & Branco Kirigin). The AdriaticIslands Project Volume 3. The Archaeological Heritage of Vis, Biševo, Svetac, Palagruža and Štolta (British Archaeological Reports International Series 1492). iv+240 pages, 24 figures, 3 tables. 2006. Oxford: Archaeo-press; 1-84171-923-4 paperback £38. - Dominique Pieri. Le commerce du vin oriental ài l’époque Byzantine (Vè-VIIèsiècles): le temoignage des amphores en Gaule (Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique 174). vi+350 pages, 199 illustrations, 9 tables. 2005. Beyrouth; Institut Francais du Proche-Orient; 2-912738-30-X paperback €40.

Antiquity ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (311) ◽  
pp. 246-247
Author(s):  
Madeleine Hummler
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Wall Painting ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Archaeological Heritage ◽  
Cd Rom ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
Unesco World Heritage Site ◽  
British School

Britain - Bryony Coles. Beavers in Britain's Past (WARP Occasional Paper 19). x+242 pages, 158 illustrations. 2006. Oxford: Oxbow; 978-1-84217-2261 paperback £40. - Don Benson & Alasdair Whittle (ed.). Building Memories: The Neolithic Cotswold Long barrow at Ascott-Under-Wychwood Oxfordshire. xxxvi+380 pages, 269 illustrations, 24 colour plates. 57 tables. 2007. Oxford; Oxbow; 978-1-84217-236-0 hardback £55. - Stuart Needham, Keith Parfitt & Gill Varndell (ed.). The Ringlemere Cup: Precious Cups and the beginning ofthe Channel Bronze Age. x+116 pages, 67 illustrations, 14 colour plates, 5 tables. 2006. London: The British Museum; 978-086159-163-3 paperback. - John Lewis et al. Landscape Evolution in the Middle Thames Valley: Heathrow Terminal 5 Excavations Volume 1, Perry Oaks (Framework Archaeology Monograph 1). xii+250 pages, 122 b&w & colour figures, 56 colour plates, 30 tables, CD-ROM. 2006. Oxford & Salisbury; BAA, Oxford Archaeology & Wessex Archaeology; 978-0-9554519-0-4 hardback £15. - Ian Armit. Anatomy of an Iron Age Roundhouse: The Cnip Wheelhouse Excavations, Lewis. xxxvi+272 pages, 106 illustrations, 11 colour plates, 74 tables. 2006. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland; 978-0-903903-32-6 hardback. - Ray Howell. Searching for the Silures: An Iron Age tribe in South-East Wales. 160 pages, 41 illustrations, 15 colour plates. 2006. Stroud: Tempus; 978-0-7524-4014-9 paperback £19.99. - Martin Millett (ed.). Shiptonthorpe, East Yorkshire: archaeological studies of a Romano-British roadside settlement (Yorkshire Archaeological Report 5). xvi+344 pages, 140 illustrations, 92 tables. 2006. Leeds: Yorkshire Archaeological Society & East Riding Archaeological Society; 1-9035-6465-4 paperback £25+p&p. - Michael Fulford, Amanda Clarke & Hella Eckardt. Life and labour in late Roman Silchester: excavations in Insula IX since 1997 (Britannia Monograph Series 22). xviii+404 pages, 125 illustrations, 71 tables. 2006. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies; 978-0-907764-33-5 paperback. - H.E.M. Cool. Eating and Drinking in Roman Britain. xvi+282 pages, 30 illustrations, 43 tables. 2006. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 978-0-521-80276-5 hardback £55 & $99; 978-0-521-00327-8 paperback £19.99 & $36.99.

Antiquity ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (312) ◽  
pp. 505-505
Author(s):  
Madeleine Hummler
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Landscape Evolution ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Roman Britain ◽  
Cd Rom ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Monograph Series ◽  
Late Roman

scholarly journals Bronze Age “pristinity”, Iron Age anthropization and Medieval intensification of human impact around Lake Montcortès (southern-central Pyrenees): a possible mid-elevation pattern and its significance for the definition of the Anthropocene

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentí Rull ◽  
Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia ◽  
Juan Pablo Corella ◽  
Blas Valero-Garcé
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Human Impact ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Human Pressure ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Central Pyrenees

Abstract The varved sediments of Lake Montcortès (central Pyrenees) have provided a continuous and well-dated high-resolution record of the last ca. 3000 years. Previous chronological and sedimentological studies of this record have furnished detailed paleoenvironmental reconstructions. However, palynological studies are only available for the last millennium, and the vegetation and the landscape around the lake had already been transformed by humans by this time. Therefore, the primeval vegetation of Montcortès and the history of its anthropogenic transformations remains unknown. This paper presents a palynological analysis of the interval between the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1100 BCE) and the Early Medieval period (820 CE), aimed at recording the preanthropic conditions, the anthropization onset and the further landscape transformations. During the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1100 BCE to 770 BCE), the vegetation did not show any evidence of human impact. The decisive anthropogenic transformation of the Montcortès catchment vegetation and landscape started at the beginning of the Iron Age (770 BCE) and continued during Roman and Medieval times in the form of recurrent burning, grazing, cultivation, silviculture, hemp retting and other human activities. Some intervals of lower human pressure were recorded, but the original vegetation never returned. The anthropization that took place during the Iron Age did not cause relevant changes in the sediment yield to the lake, but a significant limnological shift occurred, as manifested in the initiation of varve formation, a process that has been continuous until today. Climatic shifts seem to have played a secondary role in influencing catchment vegetation and landscape changes from the Iron Age onwards. These results contrast with previous inferences of low anthropogenic impact until the Medieval Period, at a regional level (central Pyrenees). The intensification of human pressure in Early Medieval times (580 CE onwards) has also been observed in Lake Montcortès, but the overall anthropization of its watershed had already commenced a couple of millennia before, at the beginning of the Iron Age. It could be interesting to verify whether the same pattern – i.e., Late Bronze “pristinity”, Iron Age anthropization and Early Medieval intensification of human pressure – may be a recurrent pattern for mid-elevation Pyrenean landscapes below the tree line. This pattern complicates the definition of the “Anthropocene”, as it adds a new dimension, i.e., elevational diachronism, to the anthropization of mountain ranges, in general.

scholarly journals Sites of archaeology in Ulvivok and its surroundings in the research of Lviv scientists

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 337-361
Author(s):  
Dmytro Pavliv
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Large River ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Archaeological Heritage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The Village

The old village of Ulvivok, located above the Bug River in Sokal district, Lviv region, is extremely rich with archaeological sites. Relief, favourable for living, fertile soils, large river have contributed to appearing of human settlements on this area since ancient times. This fact is witnessed by finds of numerous archaeological artifacts near Ulvivok and discovery of significant archaeological sites – cemeteries and settlements, which have an interesting history of research since the late XIX century and till nowadays, associated with many famous Lviv scientists. An important role in the preservation and study of local archaeological finds was played by Dzieduszycki Museum. The first references to finds from Ulvivok and the surrounding villages – Horodylovychi, Stargorod, Skomorokhy and Telyazh – are found at the works of local historian B. Sokalski and geologist A. Lomnitcki, published in 1899. J. Nykorovych – the owner of the village and amateur archaeologist contributed noticeably preservation and research of sites during XIX – beginning of XX century. The first extensive exploration in Ulvivok in 1923 was conducted by archaeologist and local historian, guardian of the prehistoric monuments of Lviv district B. Janusz, who discovered a tomb of Globular Amphorae culture and part of the burials of the most famous archaeological sites near Ulvivok – inhumation cemetery from the end of Bronze Age of “Ulvivok-Rovantsi type”. The same cemetery was investigated in 1931 by archaeologist T. Sulimirski, who published the results of excavations. Local archaeological finds were studied by famous Ukrainian archaeologist J. Pasternak, J. Bryk, K. Żurowski, J. Dąmbrowski, I. Sveshnikov, L. Krushelnytska. Nowadays, the exploration work was conducted by N. Wojceschuk, surveys in Ulvivok, Horodylovychi, Stargorod and excavation of Early Iron Age site were carried out by D. Pavliv. At least 14 archaeological sites (8 settlements and 6 cemeteries) and about 100 individual finds have been found on the territory of the village and surrounding area. This territory on the western part of Ukraine is extremely rich with archaeological sites of almost all epochs. It is witnessed by the great historical importance of this region and requires continuation of professional archaeological examinations and protective actions for the preservation of archaeological heritage. Key words: Ulvivok, archaeological site, Lviv scientists, Globular Amphorae culture, burial complex of Ulvivok-Rovantsi type.

scholarly journals Bronze Age to Medieval vegetation dynamics and landscape anthropization in the central pre-Pyrenees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentí Rull ◽  
Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia ◽  
Juan Pablo Corella ◽  
Blas Lorenzo Valero-Garcés
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Human Pressure ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Original Vegetation ◽  
Landscape Transformations

The varved sediments of Lake Montcortès (central Pre-Pyrenees) have provided a continuous high-resolution record of the last ca. 3000 years. Previous chronological and sedimentological studies of this record have furnished detailed paleoenvironmental reconstructions. However, palynological studies are only available for the last millennium, when the landscape around the lake had already been transformed by humans. Therefore, the primeval vegetation of Montcortès and the history of its anthropogenic transformations remains unknown. This paper presents a palynological analysis of the interval between the Late Bronze Age and the Early Medieval period, aimed at recording the preanthropic conditions, the anthropization onset and the further landscape transformations. During the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1100 BCE to 770 BCE), the vegetation did not show any evidence of human impact. The decisive anthropogenic transformation of the Montcortès catchment vegetation and landscape started at the beginning of the Iron Age (770 BCE) and continued during Roman and Medieval times in the form of recurrent burning, grazing, cultivation, silviculture and hemp retting. Some intervals of lower human pressure were recorded, but the original vegetation never returned. The anthropization that took place during the Iron Age did not cause relevant changes in the sediment yield to the lake, but a significant limnological shift occurred, as manifested in the initiation of varve formation, a process that has been continuous until today. Climatic shifts seem to have played a secondary role in influencing vegetation and landscape changes. These results contrast with previous inferences of low anthropogenic impact until the Medieval Period, at a regional level. It could be interesting to verify whether the same pattern – i.e., Iron Age anthropization and Early Medieval intensification of human pressure – may be a recurrent pattern for mid-elevation Pyrenean landscapes below the tree line.

scholarly journals Bronze Age to Medieval vegetation dynamics and landscape anthropization in the central pre-Pyrenees 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentí Rull ◽  
Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia ◽  
Juan Pablo Corella ◽  
Blas Valero-Garcé
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Human Pressure ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Original Vegetation ◽  
Landscape Transformations

Abstract The varved sediments of Lake Montcortès (central Pre-Pyrenees) have provided a continuous high-resolution record of the last ca. 3000 years. Previous chronological and sedimentological studies of this record have furnished detailed paleoenvironmental reconstructions. However, palynological studies are only available for the last millennium, when the landscape around the lake had already been transformed by humans. Therefore, the primeval vegetation of Montcortès and the history of its anthropogenic transformations remains unknown. This paper presents a palynological analysis of the interval between the Late Bronze Age and the Early Medieval period, aimed at recording the preanthropic conditions, the anthropization onset and the further landscape transformations. During the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1100 BCE to 770 BCE), the vegetation did not show any evidence of human impact. The decisive anthropogenic transformation of the Montcortès catchment vegetation and landscape started at the beginning of the Iron Age (770 BCE) and continued during Roman and Medieval times in the form of recurrent burning, grazing, cultivation, silviculture and hemp retting. Some intervals of lower human pressure were recorded, but the original vegetation never returned. The anthropization that took place during the Iron Age did not cause relevant changes in the sediment yield to the lake, but a significant limnological shift occurred, as manifested in the initiation of varve formation, a process that has been continuous until today. Climatic shifts seem to have played a secondary role in influencing vegetation and landscape changes. These results contrast with previous inferences of low anthropogenic impact until the Medieval Period, at a regional level. It could be interesting to verify whether the same pattern – i.e., Iron Age anthropization and Early Medieval intensification of human pressure – may be a recurrent pattern for mid-elevation Pyrenean landscapes below the tree line.

Mycenae, 1953

1954 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 170-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. B. Wace
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
The North ◽  
British School ◽  
Gradual Evolution ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Northern Edge ◽  
Slow Evolution ◽  
Middle Helladic ◽  
North And South

The British excavations at Mycenae in 1953 had the following main objectives: the further exploration of the Prehistoric Cemetery outside the Cyclopean walls to the west of the Lion Gate, the area south of the Perseia Krene where a fine wall of ashlar poros was discovered in 1952, the houses to the north and south of the House of the Oil Merchant, and further investigation of the Cyclopean Terrace Building. At the same time work was begun on the excavation of the area within the Acropolis between the South House and Tsountas' House. The excavations were supported by a research grant from the American Philosophical Society, with contributions from the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford, the British Academy, the Bollingen Foundation, and the British School at Athens, under whose aegis the work was conducted.In the Prehistoric Cemetery several tombs of the Middle Helladic period were discovered. On the northern edge of the cemetery an interesting group of graves was found, one of the latest Mycenaean period, L.H. IIIC, and two of the developed Geometric period. With the larger of the latter, a cist grave, nineteen vases were found which included undecorated vases of excellent fabric and a shallow bowl of ‘Pie Ware’ which demonstrate the contemporaneity of these styles. These vases, together with two others from a Proto-Geometrie grave dug into the ruins of the House of Shields, form a series illustrating the gradual evolution of culture at Mycenae from the end of the Bronze Age into the Iron Age. They show that there was no sudden break in its development, but only a slow evolution as in Attica. The ‘Dorian Invasion’ was not a cultural revolution.

The Antiquities of Transoxiana in the Light of Investigations in Uzbekistan (1985-1990)

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
G.A. Pugachenkova
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Wall Painting ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Urban Forms ◽  
Great Mother ◽  
The North ◽  
Mother Goddess

AbstractThe archaeological study of pre-Islamic Uzbekistan (Bactria, Sogdiana) has been intensified since. World War II and this survey presents the most important recent results of this work. Bronze Age sites show a process of cultural change in Bactria, particularly the settlement of the area by farmers and the emergence in proto-cities of new urban forms of social organisation and systems of belief. The Iron Age sees the assimilation of new ethnic groups into the region, the expansion of a strong (Achaemenid) state, the development of defended cities and administrative centres and the beginnings of specialised craft industries. In the Classical period the Macedonian conquest brought about the sharp decline of existing urban centres, but the centralised states that followed were able to establish (e.g. through irrigation projects) new cities in new agricultural zones. Excavation into the lower levels of medieval cities has revealed several previously unknown ancient cities, many of which seem to have been derelict in the period before or during the Arab conquest. Bactrian cities of the Classical period have been shown to be extensive in area, well defended by strong walls and a citadel, and to have performed administrative, economic, religious as well as military functions. Cult buildings discovered show the presence of Avestan religion (although not the orthodox Zoroastrianism of Iran), cults of the Great Mother Goddess, and Buddhism (though limited to a few remarkable centres), and in the North of Sarmatian totemic cults using zoomorphic representations, finds of art, sculpture and wall-painting reveal a process in Bactria in which a native substratum was synthesized with Hellenistic, Indian and Sako-Sarmatian elements to produce work of high quality and originality. Epigraphical finds include ostraca, graffiti, inscriptions, and even papyri, representing scripts and languages from Bactrian to Pahlavi, to Greek and Latin. Finds of coins, including Greco-Bactrian and Parthian, help to date archaeological layers and produce accurate chronologies. Scholars from Uzbekistan have also contributed to the "Great Silk Road" programme, which is showing that routes crossing the region were formed in the 1st mill. B.C. and constituted a dense branched network by the end of the Classical period.

The Mediterranean, Greece, Crete, Cyprus - A.M. Snodgrass Archaeology and the Emergence of Greece. x+486 pages, 54 illustrations. 2006. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 0-7486-2333-7 hardback £60. - François Briois, Catherine Petit-Aupert & Pierre-Yves Péchoux. Études Chypriotes: Histoire des Campagnes d’Amathonte I. L’occuptation du sol au Néolithique. 260 pages, 109 colour & b&w illustrations. 2005. Paris: De Boccard; 2-86958-194-7 paperback. - David Frankel & Jennifer M. Webb Marki Alonia: an Early and Middle Bronze Age settlement in Cyprus, excavations 1995-2000 (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 123:2). xl+366 pages, 416 figures, 68 plates, 129 tables, 10 plans inside jacket, CDROM. 2006. Sävedalen: Paul Åström; 91-7081-218-7 hardback. - Pavlos Flourentzos. Annual Report of the Department of Antiquities for the Year 2003. 148 pages, 78 illustrations. 2005. Nicosia: Department of Antiquities; 1010-1136 paperback. - Michael Wedde (ed.). Celebrations: Sanctuaries and the vestiges of cult activity. Selected papers and discussions from the Tenth Anniversary Symposion of the Norwegian Institute at Athens, 12-16 May 1999 (Papers from the Norwegian Institute at Athens 6). 304 pages, 59 figures. 2004. Athens/Bergen: Norwegian Institute at Athens/Grieg Medialog; 82-91626-23-5 paperback. - Lucia Nixon. Making a Landscape Sacred: Outlying Churches and Icon Stands in Sphakia, Southwestern Crete. xii+196 pages, 25 colour & b&w illustrations, 13 tables. 2006. Oxford: Oxbow; 1-84217-206-9 paperback. - Tamar Hodos. Local Responses to Colonization in the Iron Age Mediterranean. x+272 pages, 97 illustrations. 2006. Abingdon: Routledge; 0-415-37836-2 hardback £65. - Daniel Käch. Studia Ietina IX: Die Öllampen vom Monte Iato. Grabungskampagnen 1971-1992. 370 pages, numerous illustrations. 2006. Lausanne: Payot; 2-601-03216-2 hardback CHF150. - Beth Cohen. The Colors of Clay: Special Techniques in Athenian Vases. xii+375 pages, 235 b&w & colour illustrations. 2006. Los Angeles (CA): Getty Publications; 0-89236-571-4 hardback £55. - T. Mannack Haspels Addenda. xxvi+84 pages. 2006. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press; 0-19-726315-1 hardback £20.

Antiquity ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (310) ◽  
pp. 1034-1034
Author(s):  
Madeleine Hummler
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Local Responses ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Mediterranean Archaeology ◽  
Of Greece

Scientific Analyses of Minoan Fresco Samples from Knossos

1977 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 121-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. S. Cameron ◽  
R. E. Jones ◽  
S. E. Philippakis
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Wall Painting ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Wall Paintings ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Laboratory Facilities ◽  
British School ◽  
Historical Basis ◽  
Second World

The stratigraphical excavations of the British School at Athens of the Minoan settlement at Knossos on Crete following the Second World War have produced, among much else, many fragmentary remains of wall paintings in datable archaeological contexts of almost every period from Early Minoan I to Late Minoan IIIB (c. 3000–1200 B.C.). This circumstance therefore presented an excellent opportunity to examine and analyse scientifically fresco samples spanning almost the entire Minoan epoch in the hope that it might be possible to fill in some of the gaps in present knowledge of Minoan wall painting technology. A cursory glance at the published reports of Aegean Bronze Age fresco analyses, especially prior to research since 1974, indicates the ‘gaps’ to be both wide and many: so few samples had been examined from any one site, or from any one period, or from paintings of any serious art-historical significance at all, that the scientific, statistical, and art-historical basis of this field of research seemed very dubiously established. The present study, which has grown from Dr. Mark Cameron's preparation of the publication of the new fresco material from these excavations, only became feasible when suitable laboratory facilities presented themselves.

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