Musical Theater Dance Training and Choreography in the 1920–1930s

This chapter provides an examination of how Broadway dancers were trained, the introduction of jazz dance to Broadway, the 1920s gradual move away from unison line dancing in favor of the individuated chorus, and how a few dance directors began to consider dance in musicals in relation to the libretto as an integrated and meaningful addition to the musical play. The common practice of Black choreographers being pushed aside while white choreographers claimed credit for their work and the essential role Black dance teachers and coaches played in training white dancers for Broadway is discussed here. Examinations of choreographic works by dance directors Buddy Bradley, Charlie Davis, Seymour Felix, Sammy Lee, Albertina Rasch, and George Balanchine establish a historical basis in preparation for the radical innovations to be discussed in subsequent chapters.

THE HYPOTHESIS OF THE ARSACIDS’ DESCENT FROM THE ACHAEMENIDS: MYTH OR REALITY?

In the 40s of the last century, J. Wolski proposed a thesis, still dominant in historiography, arguing that the story of Arrian which reached us thanks to his work “Parthica” that the Arsacid dynasty, the founder of Parthian state, descended from the Achaemenids, has a fictional origin. According to J. Wolski, J. Neusner and their followers, it is an "ideological fiction", a "literary forgery", which appeared in the period between the second half of II century BC and the beginning of the I century AD and was recorded in written form by Arrian. However, the conclusion, based on the limited and often one-sided data by Strabo and Justin, is defective and does not meet the current requirements of the study of the problem. Оnly a comprehensive examination of the evidence provided by written sources in the field of the Parthian numismatics, epigraphy, archaeology, onomastics and other branches of science can give a complete answer to the issue. In this case, it becomes obvious that the "Arrianian" legend about the genealogical connection between the Arsacids and the Achaemenids is not just a literary fiction, but has a real historical basis.

Symbolic Images Associated with Color in Folk Songs

This article discusses the historical basis of the creation of symbolic images associated with color in Uzbek literature, the role of folklore in folklore. Symbolic images associated with color serve to enhance the art, charm and impact of Uzbek folk songs. In folk songs, color symbols have been explored using examples as a means of expressing ideas clearly, succinctly, and figuratively.

Visions of lexicography of a semantic European

In this essay, it is assumed that the languages of Latin Europe do have many semantic features in common, which contradicts the prevailing view of a general semantic particularity of every individual language and thus the exploitation for national-political purposes arising from that view. However, the proposition made here requires a summary and the assessment of different semantic concepts led by the idea of commonality. By means of individual cases that can be understood as relevant examples, a vision of lexicography will follow that aims at replacing the biologistic concept of a genetic explanation for contrastive semantics by the concept of a comparative semantics that is based on socio-historical, cultural-historcial and textual-historical arguments. In doing so, a historiography relating to the subject-matter of “semantics” will be suggested that assigns a semantic bridging function to Late Antiquity / Early Medieval Latin in relation to all languages of Latin Europe. The logic of the argument implies that a new era of semantic history begins upon the development of a structure of national languages in Europe, whose historical basis can still be recognised in the semantic communalities.

Special Features of the Spiritual Leadership of St. Theofan the Recluse

Статья посвящена специфике аскетической практики известного русского подвижника благочестия епископа Феофана (Говорова). В начале статьи даётся историческое обоснование диалектическому противостоянию между миром и монастырём, которое разрешается в одну из благодатных форм христианской жизни. Далее проводится различение между понятиями «мир Божий», как сотворённая Богом Вселенная, и «мир греха», как господство зла, вторгшегося в окружающий мир по вине человека. Это различение помогает снять распространённое заблуждение относительно монашеского отречения от мира и выявить подлинные отношения, которые рождает человек, ставший на монашеский путь духовного возрождения. Развивая эти отношения, монах входит в целостное, органическое, духовное и благодатное единство с миром Божиим, что позволяет ему установить основанное на любви ко всему божественному творению подлинное отношение ко всем обитателям тварного мира. На этом основополагающем принципе монашеской жизни, как пишет епископ Феофан, Затворник Вышенский, как раз и нужно строить архипастырское руководство всеми членами Церкви - не только монашеским братством, но и мирскими людьми, тем самым продолжая духовную традицию русского старчества. The article is devoted to the specifics of the ascetic practice of the famous Russian devotee of piety, Bishop Theofan (Govorov). At the beginning of the article, a historical basis is given for the dialectical confrontation between the world and the monastery, which is resolved into one of the blessed forms of Christian life. Further, a distinction is made between the concepts of «the world of God», as the universe created by God, and the «world of sin», as the rule of evil that invaded the surrounding world through the fault of man. This distinction helps to remove the common misconception about monastic renunciation of the world and to reveal the true relationship that a person gives birth to when he embarks on the monastic path of spiritual rebirth. Developing these relationships, the monk enters into an integral, organic, spiritual and grace-filled unity with the world of God, which allows him to establish a genuine relationship based on love for the entire divine creation with all the inhabitants of the created world. On this fundamental principle of monastic life, as Bishop Theofan, the Recluse of Vyshensky writes, it is precisely necessary to build the archpastoral leadership of all members of the Church - not only the monastic brotherhood, but also the secular people, thereby continuing the spiritual tradition of the Russian eldership.

1. The History and Constitutional Basis of the European Union

This chapter tries to set the context and provide an understanding of the historical basis of the EU, before looking in detail at its constitutional base. It considers the rationale for the EU, why it was established, what it is, and some of the difficulties encountered along that path to the present day and explains the use of the terms ‘European Union’ and ‘European Community’. The discussions cover the motives for European integration; the founding of the European Communities; the basic objectives and nature of the European Union; the widening and deepening of the Communities and Union; and future developments and conclusions.