10. Major Issues in IPE: Economic versus Political Power, Development, Globalization, How to Study the Real World

This chapter examines four major issues in International Political Economy (IPE). The first concerns power and the relationship between politics and economics, and more specifically whether politics is in charge of economics or whether it is the other way around. The second issue deals with development and underdevelopment in developing countries. The third is about the nature and extent of economic globalization, and currently takes places in a context of increasing inequality between and inside countries. The fourth and final issue concerns how to study the real world from an IPE perspective and it pits the hard science American School against the more qualitative and normative British School.

Traditional Osteopathy and the General Osteopathic Treatment: A Historical Concept and a Modern Application

Historically, Andrew Taylor Still, MD, DO, differentiated osteopathic medicine from allopathic medicine with its unique approach to treatment using manual therapy. Those treatments, known as osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT), are currently used to treat somatic dysfunction. The Educational Council on Osteopathic Principles (ECOP) includes different treatment methods, such as muscle energy, high-velocity, low-amplitude, Still techniques, myofascial release, and counterstrain, amongst others, under the category of OMT. Conversely, osteopathic practitioners outside the USA, mostly from Europe, use some techniques that are not necessarily documented as OMT by the ECOP. This is the case of the General Osteopathic Treatment (GOT). The GOT found its origin with Dr. Still and was promoted, amongst his contemporaries, by Dr. John Martin Littlejohn, DO, who founded the British School of Osteopathy in London. The general treatment, based on a strong biomechanical background, was further spread in Europe by John Wernham, DO, a British osteopath and one of Littlejohn’s students. Wernham developed and taught the GOT in its original form based on the principles and philosophy of osteopathic medicine. The goals of this article are to give an historical perspective of the GOT, to describe the foundation and concepts behind it, and to provide a review of the scientific literature of this treatment approach. The GOT can be used to diagnose and directly treat somatic dysfunction using the TART principle in a clinical setting. Besides the recognized contra-indications of treating somatic dysfunction, there are no clear scientifically published findings of contraindications for the use of the GOT. Like other OMTs, the GOT needs more scientific evidence to better understand its clinical applications.

SINCLAIR HOOD (1917–2021)

Sinclair Hood (1917–2021) was one of the two leading archaeologists of Minoan Crete of the second generation after Sir Arthur Evans, the other being Nikolaos Platon (1909–92). He spent much of his life researching the history of Knossos, including a major programme of excavations during his Directorship of the British School at Athens (1954–62) to test Evans’ chronological system for Knossos and Crete in the Bronze Age. He also directed excavations at prehistoric Emporio in Chios, and was versed in the archaeology of Central Europe and the Near East, as well as every aspect of Aegean prehistory, on which he wrote profusely. In Greece he revolutionised methods for British archaeologists and trained many students who later became project directors. His monumental study The Masons’ Marks of Minoan Knossos crowned his career. It was published in 2020, when he was 103.

The Work of the British School at Athens, 2020–2021

This article, based on an oral presentation in virtual format by the author at its Annual General Meeting on 9 February 2021, summarizes the activities of the British School at Athens (BSA) with a focus on the calendar year 2020. It describes, selectively and concisely, research by award holders, BSA-sponsored fieldwork and study in 2020, research and events associated with the Fitch Laboratory and the Knossos Research Centre, plus other activities of the BSA in Greece and the UK, including seminars, conferences and workshops.

Adaptation, validity and reliability study of the “Internet Addiction Scale for Adolescents” into Albanian

The aim of this study was to verify the dimensions of Internet addiction in Albanian. This study employed “Internet Addiction Scale for Adolescents” to determine internet addiction. The verification of language equivalence, the scale form was administered to 164 university students studying at AAB College Faculty of Psychology and 61 High School students studying at the British School of Kosovo (altogether 245). In addition, the Cronbach Alpha internal srability coefficient was found to be .828. It was observed that the factor load values of the scale items varied between .56 and .72. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient (KMO) was 0.82 and the Bartlett x2 Sphericity value was 605,874 (p.000). In confirmatory factor analysis, it was seen that the one-dimensional structure of the scale provided a good fit. [x2=63.168, df=26, x2/df=2.42 RMSEA=.077, RMR=.069, S-RMR=.049, GFI=.95, AGFI=.91, CFI=.94, NNFI=.90, IFI=.94]. The findings obtained as a result of the validity factor analysis and the reliability of the scale show that the Albanian scale is valid and reliable.

The Concoction of Panchsheel and Panchmrit: A New Perspective in India’s Foreign Policy

Post-1991 reforms obligation weighted on New Delhi to take a paradigm shift in their foreign policy for pragmatic approaches as India had liberalised its economy, which led to the opening of its frontier to the Global world. Now in the multi-polar Global world, the International Relations scholars question the idealistic notion of Panchsheel, advocates the need for more pragmatism in India’s Foreign Policy which coincides with the emergence of Panchamrit proposed by the National Executive of Bharatiya Janata Party in 2015, to replace Panchsheel. The study aims to understand the philosophical distinction between Panchsheel and Panchamrit, how they could be as a strategic resolve and restraint respectively in India’s Foreign Policy than ‘the debate of replacement’. In the context of concocting ‘the Panchsheel and Panchamrit’ in the external affairs relations, how could India steer with this concoction to become a stabilising power? This paper advocates for the middle path between the two and such concoction intends to bring ‘Liberal Realism’ of British School of International Relations into India’s Foreign Policy.

Anglicization and Canonization of Ballroom Dance, Late 19th — Early 20th Century

The purpose of this article. The purpose of the article is to determine the specifics of the evolutionary processes in the English dance style of the XX — early XXI century. The methodology is an organic set of basic research principles: objectivity, historicism, multifactority, systemacity, complexity, development and pluralism, and to achieve the goal, the following methods of scientific knowledge are used: problem­chronological, concrete historical, statistical, descriptive, logical­analytical. The results. The evolution of the English dance style took place through professionalization. Communication at the international level between teachers­choreographers, the popularization of dance competitions and tournaments, the development of a judging system formed not only the content of new ballroom dances, but also the manner of their performance. The English style of performance has become a model for the world dance society for many years. Foreign­born dances, which were fashionable among the general public, were transformed by the British dance society in the 1920s and 1930s to form the so­called “English style” of ballroom dancing. Consistently claiming that dance is an expression of national character, the country’s professional dancers and dance teachers have sought to create a British dance form that is distinct from foreign forms. It was the process of “Anglicization” of foreign ballroom dancing that became one of the most important elements of the national dance culture of Great Britain in the 1920s and 1930s. The original British school of ballroom dancing, the style and methods of which were popularized in European countries in the early 1930s, led to the development and standardization of requirements for the conduction of competitions and championships. Improving the national rating system, the English system of training and identifying the best performers of ballroom choreography for many decades of the XX century remained the only generally recognized dance school in the world. Now the UK remains a leader in the art of ballroom choreography in many of its aspects — from pedagogical methods of training high­class performers and choreographers to the media and tournament sphere. The topicality. An attempt has been made to research the topical issues of the development of the English dance style of the XX — early XXI century. The practical significance. The research may be used in developing lectures by specialists in choreography.

THE HELLENISTIC TOPOGRAPHY OF NEA KRANE, KEPHALLONIA

This paper approaches the Hellenistic topography of the polis of Krane (Kephallonia), for the first time incorporating data from aerial imagery from the Allied aerial photographs of the British School at Athens, predating the earthquakes of 1953 and subsequent afforestation. The study presents a synthesis of the traces relating to the incomplete orthogonal development of the city, named by Klavs Randsborg ‘Nea Krane’. The reconstructed area of the planned city is almost doubled, rising from 19.8 ha to 36.96 ha, and thus shedding new light on the scale of a majestic project which now counts 90 blocks, with a ratio of 1:3. The incomplete development is read in the framework of the settlement history of the polis of Krane, and of the development of urbanism in the region, to ascertain if the project could be ascribed to a failed synoecism or an external imposition.