Misreporting of energy and micronutrient intake estimated by food records and 24 hour recalls, control and adjustment methods in practice

In order to assess nutritional adequacy, valid estimates of nutrient intake are required. One of the main errors in dietary assessment is misreporting. The objective was to review the extent, nature and determinants of misreporting in dietary assessment, how this affects reported intakes of micronutrients and how this is identified and measured, and to identify the best ways of dealing with misreporting when interpreting results. A systematic literature search was conducted for studies of misreporting of dietary intake in adults by 24 hour recalls or by estimated or weighed food records, published up to March 2008. Thirty-seven relevant studies were identified. Possible causes of misreporting were identified. Methods most used to identify misreporting were the Goldberg cut-off (46 % studies) and the doubly labelled water technique (24 % studies). The magnitude of misreporting of energy intake was similar in all three dietary assessment methods. The percentage of under-reporters was about 30 % and energy intake was underestimated by approximately 15 %. Seven papers presented usable data for micronutrient intake. Absolute intakes of Fe, Ca and vitamin C (the three micronutrients addressed in all papers) were on average 30 % lower in low-energy reporters (LER) than that in non-LER and, although results were not consistent, there was a tendency for micronutrient density to be higher in LER. Excluding underreporters or using energy adjustment methods for micronutrient intakes is discussed. Residual method of energy adjustment seems to be a good tool for practice to decrease an influence of misreporting when interpreting results of studies based on food records and 24 hour recalls.

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Assessment of Dietary Under-Reporting in Italian College Team Sport Athletes

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11061391 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1391 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Cinzia Ferraris ◽

Monica Guglielmetti ◽

Claudia Trentani ◽

Anna Tagliabue

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Nutrient Intake ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Dietary Assessment ◽

Team Sport ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Food Records ◽

Unhealthy Eating ◽

College Team

Background: Nutrition is an important factor for sports performance and the assessment of dietary intakes in athletes can correct unhealthy eating habits. However, dietary assessment may be biased due to misreporting. The aim of our study was to investigate the occurrence of misreporting in a sample of collegiate team sport athletes. Methods: A total of 50 athletes participated. Each athlete filled in food records for seven days. Reported energy intake (EI) was considered in relation to the predicted basal metabolic rate (BMR) and expressed as the ratio EI/ BMR. All participants with EI/BMRestd ≤1.23 were classified as “low energy reporters” (LER), and those with an EI/BMRestd ratio >1.23 were classified as “adequate energy reporters” (AER). Results: According to cut-off values for under-reporting, 28 out of 50 athletes (56%) were classified as LER. The LER (16 M/12 F) had significantly higher BMI (23.17 ± 3.46 kg/m2 compared to 21.41 ± 1.91 kg/m2; p = 0.038) than the AER. The EI/kg fat free mass (FFM) was significantly lower in LER than the AER (33.34 ± 6.56 kcal/FFM compared to 48.51 ± 8.59 kcal/FFM, p < 0.0001). Nutrient intake was also significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions: Our results suggest that under-reporting of energy intake by collegiate team sport athletes may occur frequently and needs to be taken into consideration in the interpretation of nutrient intake.

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The validity of self-reported energy intake as determined using the doubly labelled water technique

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn2000281 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (4) ◽

pp. 415-430 ◽

Cited By ~ 365

Author(s):

R. J. Hill ◽

P. S. W. Davies

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Economic Status ◽

Dietary Assessment ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

Dietary Assessment Methods ◽

Self Reports ◽

Comprehensive Picture ◽

Different Populations ◽

The Subject

In the 1980s the development of the doubly labelled water (DLW) technique made it possible to determine the validity of dietary assessment methods using external, independent markers of intake in free-living populations. Since then, the accuracy of self-reported energy intake (EI) has been questioned on a number of occasions as under-reporting has been found to be prevalent in many different populations. This paper is a review of investigations using the DLW technique in conjunction with self-reported EI measures in groups including adults, children and adolescents, obese persons, athletes, military personnel and trekking explorers. In studies where a person other than the subject is responsible for recording dietary intake, such as parents of young children, EI generally corresponds to DLW determined energy expenditure. However, in instances where the subjects themselves report their intake, EI is generally under-reported when compared with energy expenditure. It was originally believed that this phenomenon of under-reporting was linked to increased adiposity and body size, however, it is now apparent that other factors, such as dietary restraint and socio-economic status, are also involved. This paper therefore aims to present a more comprehensive picture of under-reporting by tying in the findings of many DLW studies with other studies focusing particularly on the characteristics and mechanisms for under-reporting. Awareness of these characteristics and mechanisms will enable researchers to obtain more accurate self-reports of EI using all dietary recording techniques.

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Comparison of a web-based food record tool and a food-frequency questionnaire and objective validation using the doubly labelled water technique in a Swedish middle-aged population

Journal of Nutritional Science ◽

10.1017/jns.2016.29 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Sanna Nybacka ◽

Heléne Bertéus Forslund ◽

Elisabet Wirfält ◽

Ingrid Larsson ◽

Ulrika Ericson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Large Scale ◽

Dietary Assessment ◽

Assessment Tools ◽

Future Research ◽

Food Record ◽

Frequency Method ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

Web Based ◽

Food Frequency

AbstractTwo web-based dietary assessment tools have been developed for use in large-scale studies: the Riksmaten method (4-d food record) and MiniMeal-Q (food-frequency method). The aim of the present study was to examine the ability of these methods to capture energy intake against objectively measured total energy expenditure (TEE) with the doubly labelled water technique (TEEDLW), and to compare reported energy and macronutrient intake. This study was conducted within the pilot study of the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS), which included 1111 randomly selected men and women aged 50–64 years from the Gothenburg general population. Of these, 200 were enrolled in the SCAPIS diet substudy. TEEDLW was measured in a subsample (n 40). Compared with TEEDLW, both methods underestimated energy intake: −2·5 (sd 2·9) MJ with the Riksmaten method; −2·3 (sd 3·6) MJ with MiniMeal-Q. Mean reporting accuracy was 80 and 82 %, respectively. The correlation between reported energy intake and TEEDLW was r 0·4 for the Riksmaten method (P < 0·05) and r 0·28 (non-significant) for MiniMeal-Q. Women reported similar average intake of energy and macronutrients in both methods whereas men reported higher intakes with the Riksmaten method. Energy-adjusted correlations ranged from 0·14 (polyunsaturated fat) to 0·77 (alcohol). Bland–Altman plots showed acceptable agreement for energy and energy-adjusted protein and carbohydrate intake, whereas the agreement for fat intake was poorer. According to energy intake data, both methods displayed similar precision on energy intake reporting. However, MiniMeal-Q was less successful in ranking individuals than the Riksmaten method. The development of methods to achieve limited under-reporting is a major challenge for future research.

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Abstract P404: Validation of a Culturally Modified 24 hour Dietary Recall Questionnaire for use in Rural South Indian Populations

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.129.suppl_1.p404 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Asvini K Subasinghe ◽

Amanda G Thrift ◽

Simin Arabshahi ◽

Oduru Suresh ◽

Kamakshi Kartik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Intake ◽

Dietary Assessment ◽

Indian Populations ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Field Worker ◽

Dietary Assessment Methods ◽

South Indian ◽

24 Hour Recall ◽

Indian Food ◽

Field Workers

Introduction: The assessment of dietary intake in rural populations can be extremely challenging because of cultural and environmental limitations.Only one other study in India has been conducted to validate a 24 hour dietary recall. The purpose of this study was to validate a three pass 24 hour dietary recall questionnaire, culturally modified for use in South Indian populations, against a series of weighed food records (WFRs). Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that there will be less than 15% variance between amounts of food reported to be consumed in 24 hour dietary recalls and amounts of food weighed during WFRs. Methods: Eight life size food portion photographs of common South Indian food servings were created to aid participant recall. Nutrient intake was calculated using a food database specifically created for South Indian food items. Dietary data were compared between the two dietary assessment methods in 30 adults aged 19-85 years. WFRs were conducted in the household by a trained field worker. The amount of food served by each participant was weighed, along with any left overs not eaten. The following day, field workers administered a 24 hour recall interview to the same participant. Results: In total, 101 replicate weighed food portions were matched with estimated portions by 24 hour recall for 21 different types of food or drink. Overall, there was an 11% over-estimation by 24 hour recall compared to the WFR and a strong correlation between the two measures (r=0.93). Mean nutrient intakes obtained from each measure were not significantly different. Conclusions: The culturally specific modifications made to the 24 hour dietary recall method is valid for assessing energy, macro- and micro- nutrient intake in rural Indian populations.

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Relationship between ethanol consumption and TBL2 rs17145738 on LDL-C concentration in Japanese adults: a four season 3-day weighed diet record study

BMC Nutrition ◽

10.1186/s40795-019-0315-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

S. Akimoto ◽

C. Goto ◽

K. Kuriki

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Intake ◽

Missing Values ◽

Genetic Factors ◽

Dietary Assessment ◽

Ethanol Consumption ◽

Assessment Methods ◽

Seasonal Effects ◽

Total Dietary Fiber ◽

Dietary Assessment Methods ◽

Four Seasons

Abstract Background LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration is modified by dietary and genetic factors; however, little is known about the details of this relationship. Our aim was to investigate the associations taking into account dietary assessment methods, seasonal effects and missing values. Methods Study subjects completed food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) and supplied 3-day weighed dietary records (WDRs) and blood samples in four seasons. Approximately 660,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were measured. Candidate SNPs related to LDL-C concentration were systematically selected. Multiple imputation was applied for missing values. A total of 312 repeated measures data were used for analyses. After adjusting for season and subjects as fixed and random effects, effects of nutrient intake and SNPs on LDL-C concentration were assessed according to three dietary assessment methods: the FFQ and first and four season 3-day WDRs (4 s-3d WDRs). Results For LDL-C concentration, ethanol consumption derived from all three dietary assessment methods was consistently associated (P < 0.09 for all). Positive and negative relationships were consistently shown with rs651007 and rs1160985 in the first and four seasons; but the latter remained after adjusting for total dietary fiber intake derived from the FFQ and 4 s-3d WDRs (P < 0.05, excepting the first 3-day WDRs). rs599839 was negatively associated after cholesterol intakes derived from the first and 4 s-3d WDRs were considered (P < 0.05 and 0.07, respectively). Each rs17145738 and ethanol consumption based on the 4 s-3d WDRs was related to LDL-C concentration (P < 0.05). Seasonal variations of LDL-C concentration were observed only in summer. Conclusions In contrast to nutrient intake, ethanol consumption was shown to be comprehensively related to LDL-C concentration, regardless of dietary assessment methods. Taking into account seasonal effects, critical relationships with LDL-C concentration for some SNPs, after adjustment for specific nutrients, were revealed. Our findings can be used to help to interpret the relationships between dietary and genetic factors on LDL-C concentration in large-scale epidemiological studies. (10/10 keywords)

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Validity of Absolute Intake and Nutrient Density of Protein, Potassium, and Sodium Assessed by Various Dietary Assessment Methods: An Exploratory Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12010109 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 109

Author(s):

Laura Trijsburg ◽

Anouk Geelen ◽

Paul J.M. Hulshof ◽

Pieter van’t Veer ◽

Hendriek C. Boshuizen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Total Energy ◽

Measurement Errors ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Dietary Assessment ◽

Dietary Exposure ◽

Assessment Methods ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

Web Based ◽

Dietary Assessment Methods ◽

Nutrient Density

It is suggested that nutrient densities are less affected by measurement errors than absolute intake estimates of dietary exposure. We compared the validity of absolute intakes and densities of protein (kJ from protein/total energy (kJ)), potassium, and sodium (potassium or sodium (in mg)/total energy (kJ)) assessed by different dietary assessment methods. For 69 Dutch subjects, two duplicate portions (DPs), five to fifteen 24-h dietary recalls (24 hRs, telephone-based and web-based) and two food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) were collected and compared to duplicate urinary biomarkers and one or two doubly labelled water measurements. Multivariate measurement error models were used to estimate validity coefficients (VCs) and attenuation factors (AFs). This research showed that group bias diminished for protein and sodium densities assessed by all methods as compared to the respective absolute intakes, but not for those of potassium. However, the VCs and AFs for the nutrient densities did not improve compared to absolute intakes for all four methods; except for the AF of sodium density (0.71) or the FFQ which was better than that of the absolute sodium intake (0.51). Thus, using nutrient densities rather than absolute intakes does not necessarily improve the performance of the DP, FFQ, or 24 hR.

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A pilot study to determine whether using a lightweight, wearable micro-camera improves dietary assessment accuracy and offers information on macronutrients and eating rate

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114515004262 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 115 (1) ◽

pp. 160-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Claire Pettitt ◽

Jindong Liu ◽

Richard M. Kwasnicki ◽

Guang-Zhong Yang ◽

Thomas Preston ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Dietary Assessment ◽

Reporting Rate ◽

Eating Rate ◽

Food Diary ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

Food Diaries ◽

Dietary Intake Assessment

AbstractA major limitation in nutritional science is the lack of understanding of the nutritional intake of free-living people. There is an inverse relationship between accuracy of reporting of energy intake by all current nutritional methodologies and body weight. In this pilot study we aim to explore whether using a novel lightweight, wearable micro-camera improves the accuracy of dietary intake assessment. Doubly labelled water (DLW) was used to estimate energy expenditure and intake over a 14-d period, over which time participants (n 6) completed a food diary and wore a micro-camera on 2 of the days. Comparisons were made between the estimated energy intake from the reported food diary alone and together with the images from the micro-camera recordings. There was an average daily deficit of 3912 kJ using food diaries to estimate energy intake compared with estimated energy expenditure from DLW (P=0·0118), representing an under-reporting rate of 34 %. Analysis of food diaries alone showed a significant deficit in estimated daily energy intake compared with estimated intake from food diary analysis with images from the micro-camera recordings (405 kJ). Use of the micro-camera images in conjunction with food diaries improves the accuracy of dietary assessment and provides valuable information on macronutrient intake and eating rate. There is a need to develop this recording technique to remove user and assessor bias.

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Uses and limitations of statistical accounting for random error correlations, in the validation of dietary questionnaire assessments

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2002380 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 5 (6a) ◽

pp. 969-976 ◽

Cited By ~ 108

Author(s):

Rudolf Kaaks ◽

Pietro Ferrari ◽

Antonio Ciampi ◽

Martyn Plummer ◽

Elio Riboli

Keyword(s):

Random Error ◽

Statistical Models ◽

Validation Studies ◽

Dietary Assessment ◽

Nutritional Epidemiology ◽

Random Errors ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

Dietary Assessment Methods ◽

Simultaneous Comparisons ◽

Replicate Measurements

AbstractObjective:To examine statistical models that account for correlation between random errors of different dietary assessment methods, in dietary validation studies.Setting:In nutritional epidemiology, sub-studies on the accuracy of the dietary questionnaire measurements are used to correct for biases in relative risk estimates induced by dietary assessment errors. Generally, such validation studies are based on the comparison of questionnaire measurements (Q) with food consumption records or 24-hour diet recalls (R). In recent years, the statistical analysis of such studies has been formalised more in terms of statistical models. This made the need of crucial model assumptions more explicit. One key assumption is that random errors must be uncorrelated between measurements Q and R, as well as between replicate measurements R1 and R2 within the same individual. These assumptions may not hold in practice, however. Therefore, more complex statistical models have been proposed to validate measurements Q by simultaneous comparisons with measurements R plus a biomarker M, accounting for correlations between the random errors of Q and R.Conclusions:The more complex models accounting for random error correlations may work only for validation studies that include markers of diet based on physiological knowledge about the quantitative recovery, e.g. in urine, of specific elements such as nitrogen or potassium, or stable isotopes administered to the study subjects (e.g. the doubly labelled water method for assessment of energy expenditure). This type of marker, however, eliminates the problem of correlation of random errors between Q and R by simply taking the place of R, thus rendering complex statistical models unnecessary.

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