Global overview of dietary outcomes and dietary intake assessment methods in maritime settings: a systematic review

Background Seafaring is a risky occupation with high prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Food intake and eating habits are important cornerstones regarding health and health promotion. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of dietary intake and dietary intake assessment methods of seafarers and suggestions for applicable assessment tools. Methods We systematically searched PubMed and NLM Gateway (for MEDLINE), Web of Science, and SCOPUS up to February 2020 using standard keywords including nutrition OR diet OR meal AND maritime settings. Two independent reviewers extracted the data. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal checklist. Results From 4449 studies initially identified, 26 articles were included in the final review. Qualitative data (e.g. on unhealthy eating) had been gathered using in-depth individual or group interviews, participant observations, and phone-based chats. Composition of menu analysis, 24 h dietary recall, food diaries/ diet records, dietary habits questionnaire, food stores and food waste of the ship were used to assess the quantitative outcomes (e.g. dietary intakes). Access to meat, processed meat and egg, frozen and canned food items, sugary drinks, alcohol, greasy and salty food was high. In contrast, consumption of fruit, vegetables, dairy products, and cereals was lower than recommended. Conclusions Eating habits and dietary intakes in maritime settings are unhealthy. Subjective dietary assessment methods combining menu analysis with new technologies (e.g. mobile-based) might be an applicable method in this hard to reach setting which is the vessels.

Dietary Intake Assessment, Severity of Symptoms, and Pain in Women with Fibromyalgia

A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess dietary intake in 92 FMS compared to 96 healthy control patients and to examine the potential associations between daily intake and pain and the severity of symptoms in women with FMS. The tender point count (TPC), the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR) were assessed. FIQ-R correlated negatively with phosphorus ( r = −.230, p = .028), iron ( r = −.320, p = 0.002), zinc ( r = −.238, p = .023), vitamin B1 ( r = −.218, p = .038), vitamin B6 ( r = −.123, p = .012), folic acid ( r = −.250, p = .017), and vitamin C ( r = −.217, p = .039). A negative correlation was also found between VAS pain and the intake of vitamin B6 ( r = −.322, p = .002). Lower intakes of certain micronutrients correlated with higher scores in FIQ-R and a lower intake of vitamin B6 correlated with higher scores in VAS pain, supporting the potential relevance of these micronutrients in the severity of symptoms and in levels of global pain in FMS women.

Comparison of Face-To-Face and Telephone Interviews in the Dietary Intake Assessment by The 24-Hour Recall in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

Background We sought to compare the means energy, energy contribution from macronutrients, and selected nutrients intakes of patients with type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) between telephone interviews and a face-to-face interview in the dietary intake assessment by the 24-hour recall. Methods Sixty-eight females with T2DM aged 50–55 years enrolled randomly in a descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study from the diabetic clinic of Shahid Bahonar. The patients completed three consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls. The first interview was face-to-face, and the subsequent 2 recalls were conducted by telephone. Results There were significant differences between the mean intakes energy and 18 selected nutrients calculated using two telephone interviews together versus all three interviews (P. values from 0.027 until < 0.001). There were significant differences between the mean intakes energy and 18 selected nutrients calculated using a face-to-face interview versus all three interviews (P. values from 0.027 until < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the mean intakes energy and 18 selected nutrients calculated using two telephone interviews. However, there were significant differences between the mean intakes energy and 18 selected nutrients calculated using face-to-face interview versus two telephone interviews together (P. values from 0.031 until < 0.001). Conclusions We concluded that the telephone approach could not be considered as an alternative to the face-to-face approach for collecting dietary data by the 24-hour dietary recall method as an open-ended assessment. Each of the telephone interviews versus face-to-face interview underreporting and underestimate the total energy and nutrients intakes in the 24-hour dietary recall.

Dietary Intake Assessment of Pre-Packed Graviera Cheese in Greece and Nutritional Characterization Using the Nutri-Score Front of Pack Label Scheme

Gravieras are ‘gruyere’ type hard cheeses with a variety of different products and the second highest consumption in Greece. In this study, we present a dietary intake assessment and a nutritional characterization of pre-packed graviera products sold in the Greek market using Nutri-Score Front of Pack Label (FoPL). The nutrient contents of 92 pre-packed graviera products were combined with daily individual consumption data extracted from the Hellenic National Nutrition Health Survey (n = 93), attempting to evaluate the contribution of graviera’s consumption to the Greek diet. The analysis of nutrients’ intake as a Reference Intake (RI) percentage ranked saturated fat first on the nutrients’ intake list, with RI percentage ranging from 36.1 to 109.2% for the 95th percentile of consumption. The respective % RI for energy, total fat, carbohydrates, sugars, proteins and salt ranged from 12.7–20.7%, 21.6–50.4%, 0–3.1%, 0–6.1%, 37–57.1% and 6.3–42%. Nutri-Score classified 1% of the products to C—light orange class, 62% to D—orange and 37% to E—dark orange, while no products were classified to A—dark green or B—green classes. The comparison between the Nutri-Score classification and the nutrients’ intake assessment, also separately conducted within the classes, showed a higher salt intake after the consumption of products classified as D—orange and E—dark orange.

Comparison of dietary micronutrient intake in PCOS patients with and without metabolic syndrome

Background Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in reproductive-age women. It is one of the risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MetS). These two syndromes have an inflammatory etiologic foundation along with oxidative stress. The present study aimed to compare the dietary intake of antioxidant micronutrients in PCOS women with and without MetS. Materials and methods Overall, 42 participants eligible for this nested case control study were selected by the convenience sampling method. The case group included 14 PCOS patients with MetS and the control group included 28 PCOS patients without MetS. The dietary intake assessment of selenium, chromium, zinc, carotenoids, vitamin D and vitamin E was carried out by a 147-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). PCOS and MetS were diagnosed using the Rotterdam criteria and NCEP ATP III, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS16 software, T-test and Mann Whitney. Significant P-value was considered 0.05. Results Dietary intake of antioxidant micronutrients (selenium, zinc, chromium, carotenoids and vitamin E) was significantly lower in the PCOS women with MetS than in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Since the PCOS patients without MetS had more intake of the aforementioned micronutrients than those with MetS, it is assumed that the dietary intake of these nutrients could probably have a protective effect on MetS.

Characteristics of a Group of Obese Tunisian People and Results of a Weight Management Intervention

Background and aims: Overweight and obesity are increasing worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of a group of obese and overweight Tunisian adults and the results of a weight management intervention Methods: this is a prospective study that included 58 Tunisian adults. at baseline, they undertook dietary intake assessment, arthrometric measurements and biological tests, then after 3 weeks of healthy diet and physical activity. Results: this study included 8 men and 50 women. The mean age was 44 years ±10.68. The mean BMI for men and women was respectively 37.86kg/m2±7.6 and 34.77kg/m2±4.77. Abdominal obesity affected all but one participant. Hyperglycemia affected 20.7% of participants, 43.1% had hypercholesterolaemia and 19% had hypertriglyceridemia. vitamin B1, folate and vitamin C intake was insufficient respectively in 82.8%, 75.9% and 89.7% of participants. More than 80% were not consuming enough calcium. An insufficiency in iron intake was observed in half participants. The body weight and BMI after 3 weeks were significantly lower than measurements at baseline, P=0.00. There was a nonsignificant beneficial effect on glycemia and lipidic profile. Conclusion: Overweight and obese people are subjects to obesity-related diseases and deficiencies in micronutrients. A persistent healthy lifestyle can reduce weight and related morbidities.

Relative validity of a computer-based semi-quantitative FFQ for use in the Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Studies

Objective:To assess the relative validity of a FFQ developed for the Pelotas Birth Cohort Studies.Design:Participants completed a ninety-two-food-item FFQ and then answered two 24-h recalls (24HR), one in-person interview and a second one by telephone, administered 14–28 d apart. Median and relative differences of energy, fifteen nutrients and eleven food groups were estimated based on the FFQ and the average of two 24HR. Nutrients were log-transformed and energy-adjusted using residual method. Validity was assessed by crude, energy-adjusted and de-attenuated Pearson and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficients. Agreement of quartiles and weighted κ were performed. Differences in energy and nutrient estimations between methods were plotted in Bland–Altman graphs.Setting:Pelotas, southern Brazil.Participants:Two hundred fifty-four participants randomly selected from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort during the 22-year follow-up (2015).Results:The FFQ overestimated energy and most nutrients and food groups compared with the two 24HR. Energy-adjusted and de-attenuated Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0·21 to 0·66. The highest energy-adjusted and de-attenuated concordance correlation coefficients were observed for Ca (0·48), niacin (0·32), Na (0·29), vitamin C (0·28) and riboflavin (0·25). The percentage of nutrients classified into the same and opposite quartiles ranged from 36·5 to 60·3 %, and from 4·8 to 19·1 %, respectively. Weighted κ was moderate for Ca (0·51), beans and legumes (0·50) and milk and dairies (0·49).Conclusions:The FFQ provides a reasonable dietary intake assessment for habitual food consumption. However, the relative validity was weak for specific nutrients and food groups.

Manual Data Cleaning Can Significantly Change Nutrient Values Recorded in Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Recalls (ASA24)

Objectives To characterize the effect of manual data cleaning on individual dietary intake assessment using Automated Self-Administered 24-hour recalls® (ASA24s). We aimed to determine whether there was a difference in measures of key nutrients (energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein, fiber) before and after manual correction of automated coding errors. Methods Dietary recalls up to 4 days were collected using ASA24. Data cleaning was completed by systematically reviewing and excluding recalls with technical errors identified by a quality control team. A registered dietitian reviewed open-ended text responses and corrected nutrient data for foods where automated coding did not produce an optimal match. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was calculated using measurements of physical activity, resting metabolic rate, and estimated thermic effect of food. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to determine differences in median nutrient measures. Mean energy intake was compared to TEE using Spearman correlation. Results After removing recalls that were incomplete or with technical errors, 1499 recalls were completed by 393 subjects. Recalls modified during the data cleaning process constitute 209 (14%) from 140 subjects with at least 1 recall modified (36%). Using all recalls, median intakes of energy, total fat, protein, and fiber were different after data cleaning compared to before (P &lt; 0.05). When limiting to recalls modified during cleaning (n = 209), significant differences were found for energy, fat, protein, and fiber (P &lt; 0.02). Using mean nutrient intakes of subjects with at least 2 valid recalls (n = 385), there were no significant differences before and after cleaning (P &gt; 0.05). However, for the 140 subjects with at least one modified recall, significant differences were found for energy, fat, and protein of mean data (P &lt; 0.02). The association between mean energy and measured TEE was slightly higher, but not significantly, for the cleaned data compared to uncleaned. Conclusions Data cleaning can significantly change nutrient values recorded in 24-hour recalls. For assessment of individual dietary intake, investigators should evaluate open-ended text responses in ASA24 and consider correcting data based on nutrients of interest. Funding Sources USDA.