scholarly journals Absorption and metabolism of olive oil secoiridoids in the small intestine

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (11) ◽  
pp. 1607-1618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Pinto ◽  
Fátima Paiva-Martins ◽  
Giulia Corona ◽  
Edward S. Debnam ◽  
Maria Jose Oruna-Concha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Glucuronide Conjugation ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Extensive Metabolism ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Electron Reduction ◽  
Reduced Forms ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal

The secoiridoids 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol-elenolic acid (3,4-DHPEA-EA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol-elenolic acid dialdehyde (3,4-DHPEA-EDA) account for approximately 55 % of the phenolic content of olive oil and may be partly responsible for its reported human health benefits. We have investigated the absorption and metabolism of these secoiridoids in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Both 3,4-DHPEA-EDA and 3,4-DHPEA-EA were relatively stable under gastric conditions, only undergoing limited hydrolysis. Both secoiridoids were transferred across a human cellular model of the small intestine (Caco-2 cells). However, no glucuronide conjugation was observed for either secoiridoid during transfer, although some hydroxytyrosol and homovanillic alcohol were formed. As Caco-2 cells are known to express only limited metabolic activity, we also investigated the absorption and metabolism of secoiridoids in isolated, perfused segments of the jejunum and ileum. Here, both secoiridoids underwent extensive metabolism, most notably a two-electron reduction and glucuronidation during the transfer across both the ileum and jejunum. Unlike Caco-2 cells, the intact small-intestinal segments contain NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductases, which reduce the aldehyde carbonyl group of 3,4-DHPEA-EA and one of the two aldeydic carbonyl groups present on 3,4-DHPEA-EDA. These reduced forms are then glucuronidated and represent the major in vivo small-intestinal metabolites of the secoiridoids. In agreement with the cell studies, perfusion of the jejunum and ileum also yielded hydroxytyrosol and homovanillic alcohol and their respective glucuronides. We suggest that the reduced and glucuronidated forms represent novel physiological metabolites of the secoiridoids that should be pursued in vivo and investigated for their biological activity.

scholarly journals Ginger Extract and [6]-Gingerol Inhibit Contraction of Rat Entire Small Intestine

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 2515690X1877427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usana Chatturong ◽  
Tanwarat Kajsongkram ◽  
Sakara Tunsophon ◽  
Rachanee Chanasong ◽  
Krongkarn Chootip
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
In Vivo Study ◽  
Organ Bath ◽  
Ginger Extract ◽  
Entire Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Small Intestinal

This study aims to investigate the effect of oral administration and the direct action of ginger extract or [6]-gingerol on small intestinal contractility. The direct effect of 10 minutes preincubation of ginger ethanolic extract (10, 100 and 300 μg/mL) or [6]-gingerol (1, 30, and 100 μM) on 0.01 to 30 μM ACh-induced contractions of all parts of the small intestine isolated from normal rats was investigated using the organ bath technique. For in vivo study, the rats were orally administered with extract (10, 20, and 100 mg/kg/d) or [6]-gingerol (2 mg/kg/d) for 7 days, followed by determining the contractile responses to ACh of rat isolated duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and their histology were assessed. Direct application of the extract or [6]-gingerol attenuated ACh-induced contractions in each small intestinal segment, Emax was reduced by 40% to 80%, while EC50 increased 3- to 8-fold from control. Similarly, in the in vivo study ACh-induced contractions were reduced in all parts of the small intestine isolated from rats orally treated with ginger extract (20 and 100 mg/kg/d) or [6]-gingerol (2 mg/kg/d). Emax decreased 15% to 30%, while EC50 increased 1- to 3-fold compared to control. No discernable changes in the histology of intestinal segments were detectable. Thus, the results support the clinical application of ginger for disorders of gastrointestinal motility.

HepPar-1 and Arginase-1 Immunohistochemistry in Adenocarcinoma of the Small Intestine and Ampullary Region

2015 ◽  
Vol 139 (6) ◽  
pp. 791-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Lagana ◽  
Susan Hsiao ◽  
Fei Bao ◽  
Antonia Sepulveda ◽  
Roger Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Arginase 1 ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal ◽  
Colorectal Adenocarcinomas ◽  
Diffuse Positivity

Context HepPar-1 and Arginase-1 are urea cycle enzymes used to distinguish hepatocellular carcinoma from other carcinomas. HepPar-1, but not Arginase-1, is known to be immunoreactive with normal human small intestine. Objectives To better define and compare the immunohistochemical staining patterns of HepPar-1 and Arginase-1 in adenocarcinomas arising in the small intestine, including the ampullary region. Design Staining for HepPar-1 and Arginase-1 was performed on 20 nonampullary small intestinal adenocarcinomas and 32 adenocarcinomas from the ampullary region. Ampullary adenocarcinomas were divided into intestinal morphology (15), pancreatobiliary morphology (14), and unclassifiable (3). Nonneoplastic small intestinal mucosa and colorectal adenocarcinomas were used as control groups. Results HepPar-1 stained 12 of 20 nonampullary small intestinal adenocarcinomas, with a median of 63% of cells staining in positive cases. It also stained 11 of 15 ampullary carcinomas with intestinal morphology, with a median of 75% of cells staining in positive cases. Two of 14 ampullary carcinomas with pancreatobiliary morphology were positive for HepPar-1. Arginase-1 showed positivity in 2 ampullary region carcinomas and diffuse positivity in 1 duodenal adenocarcinoma. Two of 22 colorectal carcinomas stained for HepPar-1 with none positive for Arginase-1. Conclusions HepPar-1, but not Arginase-1, usually shows positivity in small intestinal adenocarcinomas and ampullary adenocarcinomas with intestinal morphology, but only rarely shows positivity in ampullary adenocarcinomas with pancreatobiliary morphology. HepPar-1 positivity in metastatic adenocarcinoma with intestinal morphology is suggestive of an upper gastrointestinal primary site.

Pathology of Infectious Diarrhea of Infant Rats (IDIR) Induced by an Antigenically Distinct Rotavirus

1989 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 376-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Huber ◽  
R. H. Yolken ◽  
L. C. Mader ◽  
J. D. Strandberg ◽  
S. L. Vonderfecht
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Precursor Material ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Villous Height ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Group B

Suckling rats were inoculated with a group B rotavirus to determine the progression of the morphologic changes induced in the intestine by this virus. Several changes were observed by light microscopy 1 day after viral inoculation: shortening of small intestinal villi, villous epithelial necrosis, and villous epithelial syncytia. The lesions were most often present in the distal small intestine, although other small intestinal segments were affected to a lesser degree. By day 3 post-inoculation, epithelial necrosis, and syncytia were no longer present; however, the villous epithelium was disorganized and irregularly vacuolated, and intestinal crypt epithelium was hyperplastic. Alterations in villous height to crypt depth ratios were present in portions of the small intestine for the remainder of the 12-day study period. Epithelial syncytia appeared to form by the breakdown of the lateral interdigitating membranes of the absorptive villous epithelium. Viral particles, abundant in the syncytia, appeared to form from amorphous or reticular arrays of viral precursor material. Group B rotaviral antigens, as detected by indirect immunofluorescence, were present in large amounts in the small intestinal villous epithelium only on the first day after viral inoculation. These studies show that two important diagnostic features of group B rotaviral infections of rats, epithelial syncytia and viral antigen as determined by immunofluorescence, are present only on the first day of disease. These findings should be taken into consideration when attempting to diagnose disease induced by this agent.

scholarly journals Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding Due to a Small Intestinal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor in a Young Adult

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 668-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mami Yamamoto ◽  
Kentaroh Yamamoto ◽  
Hirotaka Taketomi ◽  
Fumio Yamamoto ◽  
Hiroshi Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gastrointestinal Bleeding ◽  
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor ◽  
Stromal Tumor ◽  
Intestinal Tumors ◽  
Small Bowel Tumors ◽  
Vascular Abnormalities ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal

The source of most cases of gastrointestinal bleeding is the upper gastrointestinal tract. Since bleeding from the small intestine is very rare and difficult to diagnose, time is required to identify the source. Among small intestine bleeds, vascular abnormalities account for 70–80%, followed by small intestine tumors that account for 5–10%. The reported peak age of the onset of small intestinal tumors is about 50 years. Furthermore, rare small bowel tumors account for only 1–2% of all gastrointestinal tumors. We describe a 29-year-old man who presented with obscure anemia due to gastrointestinal bleeding and underwent laparotomy. Surgical findings revealed a well-circumscribed lesion measuring 45 × 40 mm in the jejunum that initially appeared similar to diverticulosis with an abscess. However, the postoperative pathological diagnosis was a gastrointestinal stromal tumor with extramural growth.

scholarly journals Influence of ethanol on the activity of glycosidases in rats exposed to cadmium (Cd2+).

1995 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-299
Author(s):  
L P Arciuch ◽  
A Omasta ◽  
K Rostkowska ◽  
M Gałazyn-Sidorczuk ◽  
J Moniuszko-Jakoniuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Distinct Effect ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Beta Galactosidase

Inhibition by ethanol of the activities of lysosomal exoglycosidases in stomach, small intestine, liver and brain of rats exposed to cadmium (Cd2+) was determined. Out of the glycosidases tested the most distinct effect of Cd2+ and ethanol administered to the rats in vivo was observed in the small intestinal mucosa in a decreasing order: N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase, beta-galactosidase and alpha-fucosidase.

Evidence that neuronally released vasoactive intestinal polypeptide inhibits the release of serotonin from enterochromaffin cells of the guinea pig small intestine

1991 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Racké ◽  
Harald Schwörer ◽  
Denis V. Agoston ◽  
Heinz Kilbinger
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Muscarine Receptors ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Intestinal Polypeptide

Abstract. Isolated small intestinal segments of the guinea pig were arterially perfused and the release of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid into the portal venous effluent was determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Test substances were intra-arterially applied. The muscarine receptor agonist oxotremorine (1 μmol/l inhibited the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine by about 50%. In the presence of the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin, oxotremorine enhanced the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine by 145%, indicating that the inhibitory effect of oxotremorine was mediated by the release of a neurotransmitter. Exogenous vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ( 1-100 pmol/l inhibited the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine by about 50%, an effect antagonized by a specific antibody to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. This antibody to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, on its own, had no effect on the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine. However, it prevented the inhibitory effect of oxotremorine. In the presence of the antibody to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, unlike in the presence of tetrodotoxin, oxotremorine did not stimulate the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine. In conclusion, activation of neuronal muscarine receptors in the guinea pig small intestine enhances the release of several neurotransmitters which can inhibit the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine. The present experiments provide good evidence that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is one of them.

scholarly journals A comparative anatomical, histological and histochemical study of small intestine in Kestrel (Falco tunniculus) and white eared bulbul (Picnonotic leucotis) according to their food type

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Ahmed S. AL-A´araji
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Intestinal Length ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Neutral Mucin ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Anatomical Part

     This study was conducted on 30 birds (15 birds for each type) divided as 10 birds for each part of study. Anatomical part revealed that the small intestine in both birds kestrel (Falco tinniculus) and white eared bulbul (Picnonotic leucotis) formed from 3 segments; duodenum, jejunum and ileum with no clear demarcation line between them. In kestrel the Meckel's diverticulum appeared as small projection to separate between jejunum and ileum. Both ratio of intestinal length to body length and of intestinal weight to body weight was higher in bulbul than those in kestrel.  Histological study showed that the wall of all three parts of small intestine was composed of the same histological layers; these are mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. There was almost similarity in structure of these tunics but significant differences in several Histomorphometric measurements of each tunica. Goblet cells were more abundant in all parts of small intestine of bulbul than those in kestrel and there was a gradual increasing in the number of these cells toward the end of intestine of both birds. Histochemical part of this study appeared that in villi and crypts of all small intestinal segments of both birds the goblet cells secrete neutral mucin in nature because it showed negative reaction to Alcian blue stain and positive to PAS stain.

scholarly journals Small Intestinal Glucose Transport

1967 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 1173-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan K. Rider ◽  
Harold P. Schedl ◽  
George Nokes ◽  
Streeter Shining
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Distal Segment ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Rate Limiting

Proximal and distal small intestinal segments of the rat were perfused in situ at two different rates with isotonic solutions containing glucose in concentrations ranging from 25 to 600 mg/100 ml. Absorption was measured as glucose disappearance rate from the lumen. Glucose absorption had not previously been studied at intraluminal concentrations above and below blood glucose. Absorption was more rapid from the proximal segment. In both segments absorption was independent of perfusion rate and of whether glucose was analyzed by counting 14C or by the Somogyi method. The latter finding suggests that of the unidirectional fluxes, flux out of the bowel is much greater than flux into the bowel. In contrast to the findings in previous studies neither segment showed rate-limiting kinetics, and the Michaelis-Menten analysis was not applicable. The form of the curve depicting absorption rate in relation to concentration differed between the two segments. At the higher concentrations absorption rate continued to increase much more rapidly in the proximal than in the distal segment. The observations could not be explained by known mechanisms of glucose transport and illustrate the difficulties of achieving biochemically and physiologically meaningful in vivo studies of intestinal absorption.

scholarly journals Expression of proposed methionine transporters along the gastrointestinal tract of pigs and their regulation by dietary methionine sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Romanet ◽  
Jörg R. Aschenbach ◽  
Robert Pieper ◽  
Jürgen Zentek ◽  
John K. Htoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Protein Translation ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Small Intestinal

Abstract Background Given the key role of methionine (Met) in biological processes like protein translation, methylation, and antioxidant defense, inadequate Met supply can limit performance. This study investigated the effect of different dietary Met sources on the expression profile of various Met transporters along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs. Methods A total of 27 pigs received a diet supplemented with 0.21% DL-Met, 0.21% L-Met, or 0.31% DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (DL-HMTBA). Changes in mRNA expression of B0AT1, ATB0,+, rBAT, ASCT2, IMINO, LAT4, y+LAT1, LAT2, and SNAT2 were evaluated in the oral mucosa, cardia, fundus, pylorus, duodenum, proximal jejunum, middle jejunum, ileum, cecum, proximal colon, and distal colon, complemented by protein expression analysis of B0AT1, ASCT2, LAT2, and LAT4. Results Expression of all investigated transcripts differed significantly along the GIT. B0AT1, rBAT, y+LAT1, LAT2, and LAT4 showed strongest mRNA expression in small intestinal segments. ASCT2, IMINO, and SNAT2 were similarly expressed along the small and large intestines but expression differed in the oral mucosa and stomach. ATB0,+ showed highest mRNA expression in large intestinal tissues, cardia, and pylorus. In pigs fed DL-Met, mRNA expression of ASCT2 was higher than in pigs fed DL-HMTBA in small intestinal tissues and mRNA expression of IMINO was lower than in pigs fed L-Met in large intestinal tissues. Dietary DL-HMTBA induced a stronger mRNA expression of basolateral uptake systems either in the small (LAT2) or large (y+LAT1) intestine. Protein expression of B0AT1 was higher in the middle jejunum and ileum in pigs fed DL-Met when compared with the other Met supplements. LAT4 expression was higher in pigs fed DL-HMTBA when compared with DL-Met (small intestine) and L-Met (small intestine, oral mucosa, and stomach). Conclusion A high expression of several Met transporters in small intestinal segments underlines the primary role of these segments in amino acid absorption; however, some Met transporters show high transcript and protein levels also in large intestine, oral mucosa, and stomach. A diet containing DL-Met has potential to increase apical Met transport in the small intestine, whereas a diet containing DL-HMTBA has potential to increase basolateral Met transport in the small intestine and, partly, other gastrointestinal tissues.

The intestine expresses pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase: regulation by dietary lipid

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (6) ◽  
pp. G1187-G1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Mahan ◽  
Ghanshyam D. Heda ◽  
R. Hanumantha Rao ◽  
Charles M. Mansbach
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Triacylglycerol Lipase ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Immunohistochemical Studies ◽  
A Site ◽  
Normal Laboratory

We identified the enzyme responsible for alkaline lipolysis in mucosa of rat small intestine. RT-PCR was used to amplify a transcript that, by cloning and sequencing, is identical to pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase. In rats fed normal laboratory chow, pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase mRNA was detected in all four quarters of the small intestine, with the first quarter expressing about three times as much of this transcript as was found in the more distal three-quarters combined. Both acutely and chronically administered dietary fat were shown to regulate pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase mRNA expression and lipase activity. The synthesis of pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase protein by the small intestine was demonstrated by in vivo radiolabeling experiments using [35S]methionine/cysteine followed by immunoprecipitation with an anti-pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase antibody. Immunohistochemical studies suggest that pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase protein expression is restricted to enterocytes throughout the small intestine. To our knowledge, this is the first report identifying rat small intestinal mucosa as a site of pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase synthesis and the first demonstration of its modulation in the mucosa by dietary fat. We propose that pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase is used by the intestine to hydrolyze the mucosal triacylglycerol that is not transported in chylomicrons.

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