scholarly journals A comparative anatomical, histological and histochemical study of small intestine in Kestrel (Falco tunniculus) and white eared bulbul (Picnonotic leucotis) according to their food type

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Ahmed S. AL-A´araji
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Intestinal Length ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Neutral Mucin ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Anatomical Part

     This study was conducted on 30 birds (15 birds for each type) divided as 10 birds for each part of study. Anatomical part revealed that the small intestine in both birds kestrel (Falco tinniculus) and white eared bulbul (Picnonotic leucotis) formed from 3 segments; duodenum, jejunum and ileum with no clear demarcation line between them. In kestrel the Meckel's diverticulum appeared as small projection to separate between jejunum and ileum. Both ratio of intestinal length to body length and of intestinal weight to body weight was higher in bulbul than those in kestrel.  Histological study showed that the wall of all three parts of small intestine was composed of the same histological layers; these are mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. There was almost similarity in structure of these tunics but significant differences in several Histomorphometric measurements of each tunica. Goblet cells were more abundant in all parts of small intestine of bulbul than those in kestrel and there was a gradual increasing in the number of these cells toward the end of intestine of both birds. Histochemical part of this study appeared that in villi and crypts of all small intestinal segments of both birds the goblet cells secrete neutral mucin in nature because it showed negative reaction to Alcian blue stain and positive to PAS stain.

Pathology of Infectious Diarrhea of Infant Rats (IDIR) Induced by an Antigenically Distinct Rotavirus

1989 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 376-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Huber ◽  
R. H. Yolken ◽  
L. C. Mader ◽  
J. D. Strandberg ◽  
S. L. Vonderfecht
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Precursor Material ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Villous Height ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Group B

Suckling rats were inoculated with a group B rotavirus to determine the progression of the morphologic changes induced in the intestine by this virus. Several changes were observed by light microscopy 1 day after viral inoculation: shortening of small intestinal villi, villous epithelial necrosis, and villous epithelial syncytia. The lesions were most often present in the distal small intestine, although other small intestinal segments were affected to a lesser degree. By day 3 post-inoculation, epithelial necrosis, and syncytia were no longer present; however, the villous epithelium was disorganized and irregularly vacuolated, and intestinal crypt epithelium was hyperplastic. Alterations in villous height to crypt depth ratios were present in portions of the small intestine for the remainder of the 12-day study period. Epithelial syncytia appeared to form by the breakdown of the lateral interdigitating membranes of the absorptive villous epithelium. Viral particles, abundant in the syncytia, appeared to form from amorphous or reticular arrays of viral precursor material. Group B rotaviral antigens, as detected by indirect immunofluorescence, were present in large amounts in the small intestinal villous epithelium only on the first day after viral inoculation. These studies show that two important diagnostic features of group B rotaviral infections of rats, epithelial syncytia and viral antigen as determined by immunofluorescence, are present only on the first day of disease. These findings should be taken into consideration when attempting to diagnose disease induced by this agent.

scholarly journals Age-related histochemical investigations of small intestinal goblet cells in bronze turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo)

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-183
Author(s):  
D. Yovchev ◽  
G. Penchev
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Meleagris Gallopavo ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Pas Staining ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Acid Mucins

The aim of the study was to investigate the goblet cell types and their density in the small intestine of bronze turkey (Meleagris meleagris gallopovo), by means of Alcian blue-PAS staining. Sixty birds from 10 age groups were used. In the duodenum and jejunum, goblet cells produced acid, neutral and mixed mucins, while in the jejunum - acid mucins. A negative relationship was observed between cell density and either duodenum or jejunum lengths; such a correlation was not established in the ileum.

Evidence that neuronally released vasoactive intestinal polypeptide inhibits the release of serotonin from enterochromaffin cells of the guinea pig small intestine

1991 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Racké ◽  
Harald Schwörer ◽  
Denis V. Agoston ◽  
Heinz Kilbinger
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Muscarine Receptors ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Intestinal Polypeptide

Abstract. Isolated small intestinal segments of the guinea pig were arterially perfused and the release of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid into the portal venous effluent was determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Test substances were intra-arterially applied. The muscarine receptor agonist oxotremorine (1 μmol/l inhibited the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine by about 50%. In the presence of the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin, oxotremorine enhanced the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine by 145%, indicating that the inhibitory effect of oxotremorine was mediated by the release of a neurotransmitter. Exogenous vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ( 1-100 pmol/l inhibited the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine by about 50%, an effect antagonized by a specific antibody to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. This antibody to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, on its own, had no effect on the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine. However, it prevented the inhibitory effect of oxotremorine. In the presence of the antibody to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, unlike in the presence of tetrodotoxin, oxotremorine did not stimulate the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine. In conclusion, activation of neuronal muscarine receptors in the guinea pig small intestine enhances the release of several neurotransmitters which can inhibit the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine. The present experiments provide good evidence that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is one of them.

scholarly journals Expression of proposed methionine transporters along the gastrointestinal tract of pigs and their regulation by dietary methionine sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Romanet ◽  
Jörg R. Aschenbach ◽  
Robert Pieper ◽  
Jürgen Zentek ◽  
John K. Htoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Protein Translation ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Small Intestinal

Abstract Background Given the key role of methionine (Met) in biological processes like protein translation, methylation, and antioxidant defense, inadequate Met supply can limit performance. This study investigated the effect of different dietary Met sources on the expression profile of various Met transporters along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs. Methods A total of 27 pigs received a diet supplemented with 0.21% DL-Met, 0.21% L-Met, or 0.31% DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (DL-HMTBA). Changes in mRNA expression of B0AT1, ATB0,+, rBAT, ASCT2, IMINO, LAT4, y+LAT1, LAT2, and SNAT2 were evaluated in the oral mucosa, cardia, fundus, pylorus, duodenum, proximal jejunum, middle jejunum, ileum, cecum, proximal colon, and distal colon, complemented by protein expression analysis of B0AT1, ASCT2, LAT2, and LAT4. Results Expression of all investigated transcripts differed significantly along the GIT. B0AT1, rBAT, y+LAT1, LAT2, and LAT4 showed strongest mRNA expression in small intestinal segments. ASCT2, IMINO, and SNAT2 were similarly expressed along the small and large intestines but expression differed in the oral mucosa and stomach. ATB0,+ showed highest mRNA expression in large intestinal tissues, cardia, and pylorus. In pigs fed DL-Met, mRNA expression of ASCT2 was higher than in pigs fed DL-HMTBA in small intestinal tissues and mRNA expression of IMINO was lower than in pigs fed L-Met in large intestinal tissues. Dietary DL-HMTBA induced a stronger mRNA expression of basolateral uptake systems either in the small (LAT2) or large (y+LAT1) intestine. Protein expression of B0AT1 was higher in the middle jejunum and ileum in pigs fed DL-Met when compared with the other Met supplements. LAT4 expression was higher in pigs fed DL-HMTBA when compared with DL-Met (small intestine) and L-Met (small intestine, oral mucosa, and stomach). Conclusion A high expression of several Met transporters in small intestinal segments underlines the primary role of these segments in amino acid absorption; however, some Met transporters show high transcript and protein levels also in large intestine, oral mucosa, and stomach. A diet containing DL-Met has potential to increase apical Met transport in the small intestine, whereas a diet containing DL-HMTBA has potential to increase basolateral Met transport in the small intestine and, partly, other gastrointestinal tissues.

Intestinal adaptation during lactation in the mouse. II. Altered intestinal processing of a dietary protein

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (6) ◽  
pp. G1126-G1132
Author(s):  
P. R. Harmatz ◽  
P. W. Carrington ◽  
V. Giovino-Barry ◽  
R. A. Hatz ◽  
K. J. Bloch
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Intestinal Adaptation ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Prolonged Contact ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
And Control

We previously demonstrated in lactating mice a six- to eightfold increase in the intestinal uptake of the dietary protein, ovalbumin (OVA), administered by gavage. In this study, we tested the possibility that alterations in intestinal morphology, transit time, reduced luminal proteolysis, and enhanced association with the intestinal surface might account for the increased uptake of the protein observed in lactating mice. We found that these animals had a significant increase in length, wet weight, and surface area of the small intestine. No change in the number of Peyer's patches was noted. Intestinal transit was assessed by gavage administration of 125I-OVA and 10 mg OVA and localization of the peak of radioactivity 15, 30, and 60 min after feeding. Although motility (distance traveled per unit time) was not different in lactating and control mice at 15 and 30 min, the fraction of the small intestine traversed by the peak of radioactivity was less in lactating mice. Digestion of 125I-OVA administered by gavage with 10 mg unlabeled OVA was examined by trichloroacetic acid precipitation and gel permeation of the resulting fragments. Lactating and control mice did not show differences in digestion of 125I-OVA by either measurement. The association of 125I-OVA with small intestinal segments, however, was enhanced in lactating mice, especially in the second and third segments of the small intestine. Thus several factors including an increase in length and surface area of the small intestine, prolonged contact of protein with the small intestinal absorptive surface, and enhanced association of the protein with the intestinal surface contribute to increased uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Changes in the small intestine ofSchistosoma mansoni-infected mice fed a high-fat diet

Parasitology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 139 (6) ◽  
pp. 716-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALBA CRISTINA MIRANDA DE BARROS ALENCAR ◽  
RENATA HEISLER NEVES ◽  
ALBANITA VIANA DE OLIVEIRA ◽  
JOSÉ ROBERTO MACHADO-SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Intestinal Tissue ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Villous Surface ◽  
Mucosal Thickness ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Morphology And Morphometry

SUMMARYThe consumption of a high-fat diet modifies both the morphology of the small intestine and experimentally tested effects of schistosomiasis mansoni. However, whether a schistosomiasis infection associated with a high-fat diet causes injury to the small intestine has never been investigated. Mice were fed either a high-fat or a standard-fat diet for 6 months and were then infected withSchistosoma mansonicercariae. Physical characteristics of the intestinal tissue (mucosal thickness, small intestinal villi length and height, and abundance of goblet cells and enterocytes on the villous surface) and the distribution of granulomas along the intestinal segments and their developmental stage were measured at the time of sacrifice (9 or 17 weeks post-infection). The group fed a high-fat diet exhibited different granuloma stages, whereas the control group possessed only exudative granulomas. The chronically infected mice fed a high-fat diet exhibited higher granuloma and egg numbers than the acutely infected group. Exudative, exudative/exudative-productive and exudative-productive granulomas were present irrespective of diet. Computer-aided morphometric analysis confirmed that villus length, villus width, muscular height and submucosal height of the duodenal and jejunal segments were affected by diet and infection. In conclusion, a high-fat diet and infection had a significant impact on the small intestine morphology and morphometry among the animals tested.

scholarly journals Effect of processed and fermented soyabeans on net absorption in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-infected piglet small intestine

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 1193-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen L. Kiers ◽  
M.J. Robert Nout ◽  
Frans M. Rombouts ◽  
Esther E. van Andel ◽  
Marius J.A. Nabuurs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Solute Absorption ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Fluid Losses ◽  
Etec Infection

Infectious diarrhoea is a major problem in both children and piglets. Infection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) results in fluid secretion and electrolyte losses in the small intestine. In the present study the effect of processed and fermented soyabean products on net absorption during ETEC infection was investigated. Soyabean was processed into an autoclaved, a cooked and a mould-fermented (tempeh) product. The soyabean products were pre-digested and the effect of the products on net absorption in the small intestineof piglets was studied. Pairs of small-intestinal segments, one non-infected and the other ETEC-infected, were perfused simultaneously with the different products during 8h. Net absorption of fluid, DM, Na, chloride, K and total solutes was determined. Net fluid absorption washighest for cooked soyabean followed by autoclaved soyabean and tempeh as a result of the osmolality of these products. In ETEC-infected segments, cooked soyabean and tempeh showed minor fluid losses (27 (se 23) and 43 (se 20) μl/cm2, respectively) compared with the saline control (260 (se 23) μl/cm2). Tempeh resulted in a high uptake of solutes. Processed soyabean products, particularly cooked soyabean and tempeh, are beneficial in maintaining fluid balance during ETEC infection. Additionally, tempeh showed high DM and total solute absorption. Therefore, particularly, tempeh may bebeneficial in the case of post-weaning diarrhoeain piglets and possibly in children as well.

scholarly journals A comparative histological study of ceca and rectum in common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) and white-eared bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis) according to their food type

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-56
Author(s):  
Iman Mousa Khaleal
Keyword(s):  
Brush Border ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Proximal Part ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Falco Tinnunculus ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Columnar Cells ◽  
Muscularis Externa

     The present study is designed to investigate the histological structure of large intestine of two species of Iraqi birds which belong to two different orders which vary in their kinds of food. Adult birds common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) that belong to carnivorous and white-eared bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis) which belongs to omnivorous. This study was carried on 10 birds (5 common kestrel and 5 white-eared bulbul) used for histological study of the ceca and rectum in the two species of birds that include the determination of ceca and rectum, measurements of height columnar cells, villus height, and the thickness of wall tunics. Different types of stains were used including Haematoxylin and Eosin as well as special stains including Periodic Acid Schiff, Alcian blue- Periodic Acid Schiff and Van Gieson. The present result revealed   that the ceca was lymphoid type and the wall of the ceca consisted of mucosa, muscularis externa and serosa whereas the submucosa was absent in the two studied birds. The mucosa in ceca was formed by along villi, with different shapes at the proximal part of the ceca while in the middle parte it changed into folds or mounds like which were flat mucosa in the proximal part of the ceca in the two studied birds. The mucosa of ceca was lined by simple columnar cells with brush border and goblet cells; this epithelium extended to line the crypts of lieberkuhn in the bases of villi and folds. While the rectum appeared as muscular tube which consist of four basic of the digestive tract tunics; tunica mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa. The mucosa was covered by simple columnar cells with brush border and numerous goblet cells that continue to line the crypts of lieberkuhn located between the villi and that which occupied the lamina propria.

scholarly journals Ginger Extract and [6]-Gingerol Inhibit Contraction of Rat Entire Small Intestine

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 2515690X1877427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usana Chatturong ◽  
Tanwarat Kajsongkram ◽  
Sakara Tunsophon ◽  
Rachanee Chanasong ◽  
Krongkarn Chootip
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
In Vivo Study ◽  
Organ Bath ◽  
Ginger Extract ◽  
Entire Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Small Intestinal

This study aims to investigate the effect of oral administration and the direct action of ginger extract or [6]-gingerol on small intestinal contractility. The direct effect of 10 minutes preincubation of ginger ethanolic extract (10, 100 and 300 μg/mL) or [6]-gingerol (1, 30, and 100 μM) on 0.01 to 30 μM ACh-induced contractions of all parts of the small intestine isolated from normal rats was investigated using the organ bath technique. For in vivo study, the rats were orally administered with extract (10, 20, and 100 mg/kg/d) or [6]-gingerol (2 mg/kg/d) for 7 days, followed by determining the contractile responses to ACh of rat isolated duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and their histology were assessed. Direct application of the extract or [6]-gingerol attenuated ACh-induced contractions in each small intestinal segment, Emax was reduced by 40% to 80%, while EC50 increased 3- to 8-fold from control. Similarly, in the in vivo study ACh-induced contractions were reduced in all parts of the small intestine isolated from rats orally treated with ginger extract (20 and 100 mg/kg/d) or [6]-gingerol (2 mg/kg/d). Emax decreased 15% to 30%, while EC50 increased 1- to 3-fold compared to control. No discernable changes in the histology of intestinal segments were detectable. Thus, the results support the clinical application of ginger for disorders of gastrointestinal motility.

Effect of Lunasin Extract on Histopathology of Mice Induced with Azoxymethane and Dextran Sodium Sulfate: Focus on Small Intestine Changes

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 6117-6124
Author(s):  
Euginia Christa ◽  
Kusmardi
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Dextran Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Intestinal Tissue ◽  
Small Intestine Cancer ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin

Within the last decade, incidence of small bowel cancer has increased by more than fourfold. This number is predicted to steadily rise due to shift in diet and lifestyle. The primary and only definite therapy for small intestine cancer is radical segmental resection, which carries side effects and risks during and after surgery. Current chemotherapy and neoadjuvant therapy do not exert significant result. Lunasin, a novel peptide originated from soybean, is believed to promote cellular health epigenetically and reduce inflammation. There is possibility for lunasin extract to emerge as a new and effective adjuvant therapy for small intestine malignancies. A total of 20 Balb/c mice were divided into four groups. All mice were induced with azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate. For the next six weeks, each group was given different concentration of lunasin extract. After eight weeks, the mice were sacrificed. The small intestinal tissue was harvested and stained using hematoxylin-eosin. The amount of hyperplasia, dysplasia, angiogenesis, inflammatory foci, and goblet cells were then observed under the microscope. There is significant difference in the amount of dysplasia (p = 0.000) and angiogenesis (p = 0.009) among the groups that receive different concentrations of lunasin. However, there is no effect of lunasin administration to the amount of hyperplasia, inflammatory foci, and goblet cells. Nondose-dependent administration of lunasin extract improves dysplasia and angiogenesis, but not other factors in small intestine carcinogenesis.

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