Factors affecting resistance to insecticides in house-flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). I. Long-term control with bioresmethrin of flies with strong pyrethroid-resistance potential

AbstractThe assumption that by minimising contact with pyrethroids, satisfactory control of Musca domestica L. could be retained without eliciting resistance was tested on a pig farm in southern England where permethrin had failed through rapid development of resistance. Flies were satisfactorily controlled in enclosed buildings for 12 months by space spraying bioresmethrin (2 mg a.i./m3) at approximately fortnightly intervals when numbers reached an arbitrary nuisance level. Throughout this period, bioassays revealed no increase in tolerance of pyrethroids, although selection experiments in the laboratory confirmed the strong pyrethroid-resistance potential of the fly population. Thus effective control can be retained in spite of strong resistance potential when non-persistent insecticides are used intermittently. The results are discussed in the light of a published theoretical study of the influence of pesticide persistence on the evolution of resistance.

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Factors affecting resistance to insecticides in house-flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). II. Close linkage on autosome 2 between an esterase and resistance to trichlorphon and pyrethroids

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300011342 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 74 (2) ◽

pp. 197-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

R. M. Sawicki ◽

A. L. Devonshire ◽

A. W. Farnham ◽

Kate E. O'Dell ◽

G. D. Moores ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Musca Domestica ◽

Pyrethroid Resistance ◽

Resistance Mechanism ◽

Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽

Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

House Flies ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Moderate Resistance ◽

Weak Resistance

AbstractWidespread slight pyrethroid-resistance in Musca domestica L. on animal farms in southern England was correlated with strong resistance to trichlorphon and to malathion, and with the presence of an esterase, E0·39, detected by electrophoresis. In the laboratory, the frequency of E0·39 increased in response to selection with either pyrethroids or trichlorphon. Genetic analysis confirmed that this esterase, controlled by a gene on autosome 2, was closely linked with moderate resistance to trichlorphon and malathion and weak resistance to pyrethroids. When autosome 2 with the gene for E0·39 was introduced into a strain homozygous for the resistance mechanism super-kdr, resistance to pyrethroids increased by a factor equivalent to the weak resistance conferred by autosome 2 with E0·39 alone. Homozygosity for both mechanisms of resistance, and E0·39, was obtained by selecting the progeny of this cross with permethrin alone, permethrin and trichlorphon, or DDT and trichlorphon, demonstrating that very strong pyrethroid resistance can be achieved through the use of non-pyrethroid insecticides. E0·39 was absent from insecticide-resistant strains of M. domestica from Denmark but was present in several multi-resistant strains from other European countries.

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Factors affecting resistance to insecticides in house-flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). IV. The population biology of flies on animal farms in south-eastern England and its implications for the management of resistance

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s000748530001422x ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 143-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

I. Denholm ◽

R. M. Sawicki ◽

A. W. Farnham

Keyword(s):

Gene Flow ◽

Musca Domestica ◽

Population Biology ◽

Marker Gene ◽

House Fly ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

House Flies ◽

Resistance Selection ◽

South Eastern ◽

Brown Body

AbstractWays in which the bionomics and dynamics of populations of Musca domestica L. can influence the development of insecticide resistance, and how resistance genes spread within and between farms was investigated in a three-year study of the biology and movement of flies on 63 pig-rearing farms in south-eastern England. House-flies survived winter only on 12 ‘overwintering’ farms where they bred in heated pig-rearing houses (‘closed buildings’) throughout the year. In late spring they appeared out doors, and their descendents founded populations on neighbouring ‘summer’ farms where pigs breed only in unheated (‘open’) buildings. There, flies reached peak numbers in August–September and died out by mid-November. Gene flow within and between farms was studied indirectly by mark-release-recapture of colour-marked adults, and directly by monitoring the diffusion of the visible marker gene bwb (brown body) introduced into indigenous house-fly populations. Although movement between open buildings within a farm was unrestricted, dispersal between farms was limited, and gene flow between even adjacent closed buildings was indirect, and required more than one generation. Likewise, indirect and gradual gene flow during summer probably accounted for the similarity in type and frequency of other independent genetic markers of local overwintering populations. Thus closed buildings played a key role in house-fly ecology and population genetics. Unfortunately, control with persistent insecticides in these buildings ensures efficient resistance selection, ultimately resulting in its spread to all pig farms. Less selective control practices are needed at these sites.

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Dichlorvos Resistance in the House Fly Populations, Musca domestica, of Iranian Cattle Farms

Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases ◽

10.18502/jad.v14i4.5271 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ebrahim Ahmadi ◽

Jahangir Khajehali

Keyword(s):

Musca Domestica ◽

Topical Application ◽

Rapid Development ◽

House Fly ◽

Isfahan Province ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Central Regions ◽

Cattle Farms ◽

Altered Sensitivity

Background: Insecticide resistance is one of the most important problems associated with the control of Musca domestica, due to the potential of the rapid development of resistance to different chemical insecticides. The present study was carried out to evaluate dichlorvos resistance in the house fly populations collected from central regions of Iran, Isfahan Province and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, during 2017 to 2019. Methods: Bioassays were carried out using a standard topical application method as well as a fumigation method. The Koohrang population (susceptible) with the lowest LD50 values to dichlorvos was chosen to calculate the resistance ratios (RR). Altered sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a target enzyme for dichlorvos, was investigated. Results: According to the results, very high levels of dichlorvos resistance were observed in the Mobarake population (RR= 80.25-fold by topical application and 33-fold by fumigation bioassay), and Isfahan population (RR= 107.30-fold by topical application and 43-fold by fumigation bioassay) compared to the Koohrang population. Acetylcholinesterase of the Koohrang population was the most sensitive to inhibition by dichlorvos based on the determination of median inhibitory concentration (IC50), but AChE of Mobarake and Isfahan populations were 741.93- and 343.94- fold less sensitive to inhibition. Conclusion: The insensitivity of AChE was possibly involved in dichlorvos resistance in the house fly populations.

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Factors Affecting Company Values in the Companies Listed in the Jakarta Islamic Index

Equilibrium Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah ◽

10.21043/equilibrium.v9i2.11991 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 275

Author(s):

Risdiana Himmati ◽

Rifda Nabila ◽

Lisza May Maslinda

Keyword(s):

Firm Value ◽

Global Economy ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Investment Decisions ◽

Value Analysis ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Insignificant Effect ◽

Company Value ◽

Study Results

<p><em>The rapid development of the global economy has triggered competition between economic actors, especially between companies; therefore, it is necessary to do the company value analysis to attract investors. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that affect firm value. This study used a quantitative approach, with a sample of 3 companies. The data processing used Error Correction Model analysis. The study results partially showed that the relationship between the company value in the short and long term with the company size had a negative and insignificant effect; the company growth had a positive and insignificant effect. In the short term, the funding decisions had a negative and insignificant effect; the profitability had a positive and insignificant effect; the investment decisions had a positive and insignificant effect. In the long term, the funding decisions had a positive and significant effect, the profitability had a negative and insignificant effect, and the investment decisions had a positive and significant effect. Simultaneously the independent variable affects the firm value. These findings have implications for adding to the literature on the factors that influence company values and are valuable for executives in companies, especially in implementing policies to increase company value.</em></p>

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A Study of the Environmental Factors Affecting the Dispersion of House Flies (Musca domestica L.) in a Dairy Community near Fort Whyte, Manitoba

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent88270-6 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 88 (6) ◽

pp. 270-272

Author(s):

William Hanec

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Musca Domestica ◽

Wind Direction ◽

House Fly ◽

Control Measures ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

House Flies ◽

Fly Control

House fly control as practiced at present requires a combination of thorough sanitation supplemented with the use of insecticides. Farms vary considerably in the standard of sanitation maintained. The question arises whether a farmer who conscientiously applies house fly control measures on his premises will find his efforts frustrated by invasions of house flies breeding on less sanitary farm-steads in the neighborhood. To answer this question it is necessary to understand the factors that affect house fly dispersal. These include wind direction, intensity of mind-borne odors and possibly variation in the tendency of flies to migrate. Some of these questions were answered in investigations during the summer of 3951, by releasing and recovering radioactive house flies in a dairy community near Fort Whyte, Manitoba.

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Autosomal Interactions and Mechanisms of Pyrethroid Resistance in House Flies, Musca domestica

International Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.7150/ijbs.7.902 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 902-911 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Li Tian ◽

Chuanwang Cao ◽

Lin He ◽

Ming Li ◽

Lan Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Musca Domestica ◽

Pyrethroid Resistance ◽

House Flies

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Resistance of House Fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), to Five Insecticides in Zhejiang Province, China: The Situation in 2017

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2019/4851914 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jin-Na Wang ◽

Juan Hou ◽

Yu-Yan Wu ◽

Song Guo ◽

Qin-Mei Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Musca Domestica ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

House Fly ◽

Zhejiang Province ◽

House Flies ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

High Dependency ◽

High Level ◽

Very High ◽

Lethal Doses

Objectives. High dependency on pesticides could cause selection pressure leading to the development of resistance. This study was conducted to assess the resistance of the house fly, Musca domestica, to five insecticides, namely, permethrin, deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, propoxur, and dichlorvos, in Zhejiang Province. Methods. Field strains of house flies were collected from the 12 administrative districts in Zhejiang Province in 2011, 2014, and 2017, respectively. Topical application method was adopted for the bioassays. The probit analysis was used to determine the median lethal doses with the 95% confidence interval, and then the resistance ratio (RR) was calculated. The insecticides resistance in different years and the correlations of the resistance between different insecticides were also analyzed. Results. The resistance of field strains house flies to insecticides in Zhejiang Province was relatively common, especially for permethrin, deltamethrin, and beta-cypermethrin. The reversion of the resistance to dichlorvos was found, and most of the field strains in Zhejiang Province became sensitive to dichlorvos in 2017. Propoxur was much easier to cause very high level of resistance; the Hangzhou strain had the highest RR value more than 1000 in 2014, and five field strains had the RR value more than 100 in 2017. Compared to 2011 and 2014, the resistance of the house flies to propoxur and deltamethrin increased significantly in 2017. The resistance of permethrin, deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, and propoxur was significantly correlated with each other, and the resistance of dichlorvos was significantly correlated with beta-cypermethrin. Conclusions. Our results suggested that resistance was existed in permethrin, deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, and propoxur in the house flies of Zhejiang Province, while the resistance reversion to dichlorvos was found.

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Feeding Response to Select Monosaccharides, Sugar Alcohols, and Artificial Sweeteners Relative to Sucrose in Adult House Flies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

Journal of Medical Entomology ◽

10.1093/jme/tjz195 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 511-518 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

B H King ◽

E E Taylor ◽

Edwin R Burgess

Keyword(s):

Musca Domestica ◽

Active Ingredient ◽

Artificial Sweeteners ◽

Feeding Response ◽

Sugar Alcohols ◽

Proboscis Extension Reflex ◽

House Flies ◽

Evolution Of Resistance ◽

Proboscis Extension ◽

Sodium Cyclamate

Abstract Use of insecticidal baits risks the evolution of resistance to the feeding stimulant in the bait, not just to the active ingredient (toxicant). Sucrose-based baits are widely used against house flies, Musca domestica L. The baits are applied as dry granules, but readily liquefy. The proboscis extension reflex (PER) and consumption of alternative sweeteners, dry or in solution, were examined. Fructose, glucose, and xylitol merit further study as alternatives to sucrose. Dry, fructose, glucose, and xylitol elicited PER much more than sucrose, although not when in solution. Furthermore, dry or in solution, females and males ate as much or more fructose as sucrose. In solution, flies ate as much glucose as sucrose; although when dry, consumption was much less for glucose than sucrose. Dry, xylitol elicited as much consumption as sucrose for females, though less for males. In solution, for both sexes, xylitol elicited less consumption than sucrose did. Acesulfame potassium, sodium cyclamate, and sucralose do not look promising as they did not often elicit PER, whether dry or in solution. Erythritol also does not look promising. Erythritol elicited PER no more than sucrose did when dry and elicited PER much less than sucrose when in solution. Flies ate much less erythritol than sucrose whether dry or in solution.

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Spatio-Genetic and Phenotypic Modelling Elucidates Resistance and Re-Sensitisation to Treatment in Heterogeneous Melanoma

10.1101/463877 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Arran Hodgkinson ◽

Laurent Le Cam ◽

Dumitru Trucu ◽

Ovidiu Radulescu

Keyword(s):

Treatment Effectiveness ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Tumour Volume ◽

Braf Inhibitors ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Time Space ◽

Gradual Evolution ◽

Cellular Population ◽

Tumour Cell Population

AbstractAlthough novel targeted therapies have significantly improved the overall survival of patients with advanced melanoma, understanding and combatting drug resistance remains a major clinical challenge. Using partial differential equations, we describe the evolution of a cellular population through time, space, and phenotype dimensions, in the presence of various drug species. We then use this framework to explore models in which resistance is attained by either mutations (irreversible) or plasticity (reversible). Numerical results suggest that punctuated evolutionary assumptions are more consistent with results obtained from murine melanoma models than gradual evolution. Furthermore, in the context of an evolving tumour cell population, sequencing the treatment, for instance applying immunotherapy before BRAF inhibitors, can increase treatment effectiveness. However, drug strategies which showed success within a spatially homogeneous tumour environment were unsuccessful under heterogeneous conditions, suggesting that spatio-environmental heterogeneity may be the greatest challenge to tumour therapies. Plastic metabolic models are additionally capable of reproducing the characteristic resistant tumour volume curves and predicting re-sensitisation to secondary waves of treatment observed in patient derived xenograft (PDX) melanomas treated with MEK and BRAF inhibitors. Nevertheless, secondary relapse due to a pre-adapted subpopulation, remaining after the first wave of treatment, results in a more rapid development of resistance. Our model provides a framework through which tumour resistance can be understood and would suggest that carefully phased treatments may be able to overcome the development of long-term resistance in melanoma.

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