Factors affecting resistance to insecticides in house-flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). II. Close linkage on autosome 2 between an esterase and resistance to trichlorphon and pyrethroids

1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Sawicki ◽  
A. L. Devonshire ◽  
A. W. Farnham ◽  
Kate E. O'Dell ◽  
G. D. Moores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
Weak Resistance

AbstractWidespread slight pyrethroid-resistance in Musca domestica L. on animal farms in southern England was correlated with strong resistance to trichlorphon and to malathion, and with the presence of an esterase, E0·39, detected by electrophoresis. In the laboratory, the frequency of E0·39 increased in response to selection with either pyrethroids or trichlorphon. Genetic analysis confirmed that this esterase, controlled by a gene on autosome 2, was closely linked with moderate resistance to trichlorphon and malathion and weak resistance to pyrethroids. When autosome 2 with the gene for E0·39 was introduced into a strain homozygous for the resistance mechanism super-kdr, resistance to pyrethroids increased by a factor equivalent to the weak resistance conferred by autosome 2 with E0·39 alone. Homozygosity for both mechanisms of resistance, and E0·39, was obtained by selecting the progeny of this cross with permethrin alone, permethrin and trichlorphon, or DDT and trichlorphon, demonstrating that very strong pyrethroid resistance can be achieved through the use of non-pyrethroid insecticides. E0·39 was absent from insecticide-resistant strains of M. domestica from Denmark but was present in several multi-resistant strains from other European countries.

Factors affecting resistance to insecticides in house-flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). I. Long-term control with bioresmethrin of flies with strong pyrethroid-resistance potential

1983 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Denholm ◽  
A. W. Farnham ◽  
Kate O'dell ◽  
R. M. Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
Pig Farm

AbstractThe assumption that by minimising contact with pyrethroids, satisfactory control of Musca domestica L. could be retained without eliciting resistance was tested on a pig farm in southern England where permethrin had failed through rapid development of resistance. Flies were satisfactorily controlled in enclosed buildings for 12 months by space spraying bioresmethrin (2 mg a.i./m3) at approximately fortnightly intervals when numbers reached an arbitrary nuisance level. Throughout this period, bioassays revealed no increase in tolerance of pyrethroids, although selection experiments in the laboratory confirmed the strong pyrethroid-resistance potential of the fly population. Thus effective control can be retained in spite of strong resistance potential when non-persistent insecticides are used intermittently. The results are discussed in the light of a published theoretical study of the influence of pesticide persistence on the evolution of resistance.

Factors affecting resistance to insecticides in house-flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). IV. The population biology of flies on animal farms in south-eastern England and its implications for the management of resistance

1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Denholm ◽  
R. M. Sawicki ◽  
A. W. Farnham
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Population Biology ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Resistance Selection ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Brown Body

AbstractWays in which the bionomics and dynamics of populations of Musca domestica L. can influence the development of insecticide resistance, and how resistance genes spread within and between farms was investigated in a three-year study of the biology and movement of flies on 63 pig-rearing farms in south-eastern England. House-flies survived winter only on 12 ‘overwintering’ farms where they bred in heated pig-rearing houses (‘closed buildings’) throughout the year. In late spring they appeared out doors, and their descendents founded populations on neighbouring ‘summer’ farms where pigs breed only in unheated (‘open’) buildings. There, flies reached peak numbers in August–September and died out by mid-November. Gene flow within and between farms was studied indirectly by mark-release-recapture of colour-marked adults, and directly by monitoring the diffusion of the visible marker gene bwb (brown body) introduced into indigenous house-fly populations. Although movement between open buildings within a farm was unrestricted, dispersal between farms was limited, and gene flow between even adjacent closed buildings was indirect, and required more than one generation. Likewise, indirect and gradual gene flow during summer probably accounted for the similarity in type and frequency of other independent genetic markers of local overwintering populations. Thus closed buildings played a key role in house-fly ecology and population genetics. Unfortunately, control with persistent insecticides in these buildings ensures efficient resistance selection, ultimately resulting in its spread to all pig farms. Less selective control practices are needed at these sites.

scholarly journals Resistance of Australian Helicoverpa armigera to fenvalerate is due to the chimeric P450 enzyme CYP337B3

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (38) ◽  
pp. 15206-15211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Joußen ◽  
Sara Agnolet ◽  
Sybille Lorenz ◽  
Sebastian E. Schöne ◽  
Renate Ellinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Metabolic Resistance ◽  
P450 Monooxygenase ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
P450 Enzyme ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms

Worldwide, increasing numbers of insects have evolved resistance to a wide range of pesticides, which hampers their control in the field and, therefore, threatens agriculture. Members of the carboxylesterase and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase superfamilies are prominent candidates to confer metabolic resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Both carboxylesterases and P450 enzymes have been shown to be involved in pyrethroid resistance in Australian Helicoverpa armigera, the noctuid species possessing by far the most reported resistance cases worldwide. However, specific enzymes responsible for pyrethroid resistance in field populations of this species have not yet been identified. Here, we show that the resistance toward fenvalerate in an Australian strain of H. armigera is due to a unique P450 enzyme, CYP337B3, which arose from unequal crossing-over between two parental P450 genes, resulting in a chimeric enzyme. CYP337B3 is capable of metabolizing fenvalerate into 4′-hydroxyfenvalerate, which exhibits no toxic effect on susceptible larvae; enzymes from the parental P450 genes showed no detectable fenvalerate metabolism. Furthermore, a polymorphic H. armigera strain could be bred into a susceptible line possessing the parental genes CYP337B1 and CYP337B2 and a resistant line possessing only CYP337B3. The exclusive presence of CYP337B3 in resistant insects of this strain confers a 42-fold resistance to fenvalerate. Thus, in addition to previously documented genetic mechanisms of resistance, recombination can also generate selectively advantageous variants, such as this chimeric P450 enzyme with an altered substrate specificity leading to a potent resistance mechanism.

scholarly journals Insecticide Resistant Strains of House Flies (Musca domestica) Show Limited Cross-Resistance to Chlorfenapyr

2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Scott ◽  
Cheryl A. Leichter ◽  
Frank D. Rinkevich
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Resistant Strains

Killing house-flies, Musca domestica L., by means of hanging drops of insecticide.

1960 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Gostick ◽  
P. S. Hewlett
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Large Drop ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Typical Experiment ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Vertical Wire

Basic laboratory investigations have been carried out on a method for giving house-flies, Musca domestica L., relatively large doses of insecticide, with a view to possible applications in controlling, or preventing the appearance of, resistant strains of flies. The principle is that a relatively large drop of mineral oil will hang on the lower end of a thin vertical or near-vertical wire (e.g., a drop of up to 3 μl. on a wire 0·3 mm. in diameter), and a fleeting contact of a fly with the drop will generally transfer to the surface of the fly a substantial volume of oil. For investigational purposes pins were inserted obliquely into rods (e.g., about 700 pins into a rod 60 cm. long), and drops of up to about 1 μl. were formed on the ends of the pins by dipping the pin-bearing rods into solutions of insecticide in oil. In a typical experiment a rod with suspended drops was hung vertically from the ceiling of a chamber into which flies were released; flies then collected doses of insecticide when attempting to alight on the rod.

A Study of the Environmental Factors Affecting the Dispersion of House Flies (Musca domestica L.) in a Dairy Community near Fort Whyte, Manitoba

1956 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 270-272
Author(s):  
William Hanec
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Fly Control

House fly control as practiced at present requires a combination of thorough sanitation supplemented with the use of insecticides. Farms vary considerably in the standard of sanitation maintained. The question arises whether a farmer who conscientiously applies house fly control measures on his premises will find his efforts frustrated by invasions of house flies breeding on less sanitary farm-steads in the neighborhood. To answer this question it is necessary to understand the factors that affect house fly dispersal. These include wind direction, intensity of mind-borne odors and possibly variation in the tendency of flies to migrate. Some of these questions were answered in investigations during the summer of 3951, by releasing and recovering radioactive house flies in a dairy community near Fort Whyte, Manitoba.

The significance of BHC degradation in resistant house-flies

1963 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Busvine ◽  
M. G. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Enzymatic Degradation ◽  
Cimex Lectularius ◽  
Defence Mechanism ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Group Resistance ◽  
Resistance Spectrum ◽  
Characteristic Resistance

Resistance to γ BHC and dieldrin in various insects usually gives a characteristic resistance spectrum, probably indicating a common defence mechanism. Resistant house-flies (Musca domestica L.) are slightly anomalous in showing greater tolerance of γ BHC than of endrin and isodrin, unlike other resistant strains. A possible explanation is that they can develop an additional defence, specific towards γ BHC, as well as the usual group resistance. This might well be enhanced enzymatic degradation of BHC, which is known to occur in flies, but was not found in resistant strains of Anopheles gambiae Giles or Cimex lectularius L.To confirm this hypothesis the rates of BHC elimination were measured in normal and two resistant strains of flies and also in normal and resistant strains of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) (which showed the more usual resistance spectrum). To avoid toxic effects, the non-insecticidal α BHC was used and its elimination after six hours measured in extracts by gas chromatography. The two resistant fly strains showed significantly increased degradation of BHC, correlated with their greater γ BHC resistance, whereas rates were about the same in normal flies and the two strains of L. cuprina.

scholarly journals Absence of knockdown mutations in pyrethroid and DDT resistant populations of the main malaria vectors in Colombia

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena I. Orjuela ◽  
Diego A. Álvarez-Diaz ◽  
Juliana A. Morales ◽  
Nelson Grisales ◽  
Martha L. Ahumada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Anopheles Darlingi ◽  
Metabolic Resistance ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Voltage Gated Sodium Channels

Abstract Background Knockdown resistance (kdr) is a well-characterized target-site insecticide resistance mechanism that is associated with DDT and pyrethroid resistance. Even though insecticide resistance to pyrethroids and DDT have been reported in Anopheles albimanus, Anopheles benarrochi sensu lato (s.l.), Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles nuneztovari s.l., and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis s.l. malaria vectors in Latin America, there is a knowledge gap on the role that kdr resistance mechanisms play in this resistance. The aim of this study was to establish the role that kdr mechanisms play in pyrethroid and DDT resistance in the main malaria vectors in Colombia, in addition to previously reported metabolic resistance mechanisms, such as mixed function oxidases (MFO) and nonspecific esterases (NSE) enzyme families. Methods Surviving (n = 62) and dead (n = 67) An. nuneztovari s.l., An. darlingi and An. albimanus mosquitoes exposed to diagnostic concentrations of DDT and pyrethroid insecticides were used to amplify and sequence a ~ 225 bp fragment of the voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) gene. This fragment spanning codons 1010, 1013 and 1014 at the S6 segment of domain II to identify point mutations, which have been associated with insecticide resistance in different species of Anopheles malaria vectors. Results No kdr mutations were detected in the coding sequence of this fragment in 129 samples, 62 surviving mosquitoes and 67 dead mosquitoes, of An. darlingi, An. nuneztovari s.l. and An. albimanus. Conclusion Mutations in the VGSC gene, most frequently reported in other species of the genus Anopheles resistant to pyrethroid and DDT, are not associated with the low-intensity resistance detected to these insecticides in some populations of the main malaria vectors in Colombia. These results suggest that metabolic resistance mechanisms previously reported in these populations might be responsible for the resistance observed.

A dipping technique for selecting house-flies, Musca domestica L., for resistance to insecticides

1964 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Sawicki ◽  
A. W. Farnham
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Topical Application ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Sintered Glass ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Resistant Strains

A dipping technique for exposing large numbers of house-flies (Musca domestica L.) to measured doses of insecticide is described. It is suitable for selecting resistant populations and, while giving consistent results, is more rapid than other techniques used for this purpose.Up to 2,000 flies of both sexes, less than 24 hr. old, are immersed for three minutes in 100 ml. of a 70 per cent, mixture of acetone and water containing the required concentration of insecticide, using a 9-cm. sintered glass Büchner funnel as the immersion chamber. The liquid is then removed by suction, the sides of the funnel are wiped with filter paper, and the flies are allowed to drain for three minutes; they are then transferred in small batches to plastic recovery chambers containing food. Mortality is recorded next day, and the survivors are released into breeding cages.Experiments showed that immersion for three minutes in 70 per cent, acetone was virtually harmless to the flies and that the amount of insecticide deposited on individual flies was reasonably uniform (coefficient of variation about 20%). Batches of 2,000 flies, but not more, could be treated at one time.When the dipping technique was compared with topical application of measured drops of insecticide, using a susceptible strain of house-flies and two other strains that were resistant to DDT and diazinon, dipping gave steeper log-probit regression lines than topical application, and the LD50's and resistance factors of the resistant strains were smaller. With flies resistant to DDT, dipping gave straight regression lines whereas topical application gave compound lines.

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