Resistance of House Fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), to Five Insecticides in Zhejiang Province, China: The Situation in 2017

Objectives. High dependency on pesticides could cause selection pressure leading to the development of resistance. This study was conducted to assess the resistance of the house fly, Musca domestica, to five insecticides, namely, permethrin, deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, propoxur, and dichlorvos, in Zhejiang Province. Methods. Field strains of house flies were collected from the 12 administrative districts in Zhejiang Province in 2011, 2014, and 2017, respectively. Topical application method was adopted for the bioassays. The probit analysis was used to determine the median lethal doses with the 95% confidence interval, and then the resistance ratio (RR) was calculated. The insecticides resistance in different years and the correlations of the resistance between different insecticides were also analyzed. Results. The resistance of field strains house flies to insecticides in Zhejiang Province was relatively common, especially for permethrin, deltamethrin, and beta-cypermethrin. The reversion of the resistance to dichlorvos was found, and most of the field strains in Zhejiang Province became sensitive to dichlorvos in 2017. Propoxur was much easier to cause very high level of resistance; the Hangzhou strain had the highest RR value more than 1000 in 2014, and five field strains had the RR value more than 100 in 2017. Compared to 2011 and 2014, the resistance of the house flies to propoxur and deltamethrin increased significantly in 2017. The resistance of permethrin, deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, and propoxur was significantly correlated with each other, and the resistance of dichlorvos was significantly correlated with beta-cypermethrin. Conclusions. Our results suggested that resistance was existed in permethrin, deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, and propoxur in the house flies of Zhejiang Province, while the resistance reversion to dichlorvos was found.

Download Full-text

Insecticide susceptibility of house flies (Musca domestica) from a livestock farm in Tyumen region, Russia.

BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE ◽

10.15547/bjvm.2027 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 213-219

Author(s):

M. A Levchenko ◽

E. A. Silivanova ◽

G. F. Balabanova ◽

R. H. Bikinyaeva

Keyword(s):

Musca Domestica ◽

First Generation ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

House Fly ◽

Field Population ◽

Insecticide Susceptibility ◽

House Flies ◽

Livestock Farm ◽

Median Lethal Dose

The susceptibility of the field populations of the house fly Musca domestica L. (Diptera:Muscidae) from a livestock farm of the Tyumen region, Russia, to six insecticides (deltamethrin, cypermethrin, thiamethoxam, permethrin, fipronil, chlorfenapyr) is reported. After a forced contact of adult flies of susceptible strains and first generation of field populations with the residues of insecticides at the bottom of glass cups, the median lethal dose of each insecticide was determined by probit analysis. According to the resistance ratio, the susceptibility of the evaluated field population to insecticides increased in the order: cypermethrin < deltamethrin < permethrin ≤ chlorfenapyr < thiamethoxam < fipronil.

Download Full-text

Patogenitas Isolat Jamur Entomopatogenik Metarhizium anisopliae terhadap Lalat Rumah Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae)

Jurnal Protobiont ◽

10.26418/protobiont.v7i3.29090 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Noni Yunizar Rahmawati Kustiati

Keyword(s):

Musca Domestica ◽

Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

House Fly ◽

House Flies ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Lethal Time ◽

Time Required ◽

Treatment Concentration ◽

Fungal Suspension

Metarhizium anisopliae is one of the entomopathogenic fungi that can be used to control house fly, Musca domestica. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of fungus Metarhizium anisopliae in killing house flies. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatment concentration of Metarhizium anisopliae fungal suspension concentration of 1x106 conidia/mL, 3x106 conidia/mL, 5x106 conidia/mL, 7x106 conidia/mL, 9x106 conidia/mL with each repetition three times. The fungal pathogenicity was determined by the lethal time of 50% flies (LT50) for each concentration using Probit analysis. The result of this study showed that the time required to killing 50% of flies in consecutive consentrations was 7 days with concentrations ranging from 3x106 conidia/mL until 5x106 conidia/mL. In conclusion, the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is effectively deadly pest house flies Musca domestica.

Download Full-text

DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE TO PERMETHRIN AND DICHLORVOS BY THE HOUSE FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) FOLLOWING CONTINUOUS AND ALTERNATING INSECTICIDE USE ON FOUR FARMS

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent1151555-12 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 115 (12) ◽

pp. 1555-1561 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

R. S. MacDonald ◽

G. A. Surgeoner ◽

K. R. Solomon ◽

C. R. Harris

Keyword(s):

Musca Domestica ◽

House Fly ◽

House Flies ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Continuous Regime ◽

Spray Regimes

AbstractThe rate at which adult house flies, Musca domestica L. developed resistance to permethrin and dichlorvos, in response to two spray regimes, was studied on eight farms near Guelph, Ontario during 1980 and on four of these farms during 1981. These regimes were: continuous reliance on permethrin or permethrin alternated with dichlorvos throughout the spray season. Where sanitation was comparable, resistance to permethrin developed more rapidly in fly populations from the farms on the continuous permethrin regime than on the farm in which permethrin and dichlorvos had been alternated. Resistance to dichlorvos did not decline under the continuous regime while in the alternately selected flies resistance ratios dropped from 11 to 6 after 2 years. Frequent sanitation delayed the development of resistance in a population continuously selected with permethrin. Alternation of dissimilar insecticides appeared to be a viable means of delaying resistance in the field.

Download Full-text

CONTROL OF EGG FERTILIZATION BY NASONIA VITRIPENNIS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) WHEN LAYING ON PARASITIZED HOUSE FLY PUPAE

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent105709-5 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 105 (5) ◽

pp. 709-718 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

H. G. Wylie

Keyword(s):

Musca Domestica ◽

House Fly ◽

Nasonia Vitripennis ◽

House Flies

AbstractFemales of Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) lay a smaller percentage of fertilized (i.e. female) eggs on house fly, Musca domestica L., pupae previously parasitized by their own species, by Muscidifurax zaraptor K. & L., or by Spalangia cameroni Perk. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) than on unparasitized hosts. They respond to changes in the fly pupae associated with death, and in the case of house flies attacked by N. vitripennis, to "venoms" injected at that time or to changes unrelated to death. By not fertilizing eggs that they lay on attacked hosts, the females also conserve sperm, for immature N. vitripennis on previously-attacked fly pupae are usually killed by parasite larvae already present.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Resistance Development in Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Cotton against Different Insecticides

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12110996 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 996

Author(s):

Muhammad Zaryab Khalid ◽

Sohail Ahmed ◽

Ibrahim Al-ashkar ◽

Ayman EL Sabagh ◽

Liyun Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bemisia Tabaci ◽

The Other ◽

Resistance Development ◽

Susceptible Population ◽

Low Level ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Major Pest ◽

Selection For ◽

High Level ◽

Very High

Cotton is a major crop of Pakistan, and Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major pest of cotton. Due to the unwise and indiscriminate use of insecticides, resistance develops more readily in the whitefly. The present study was conducted to evaluate the resistance development in the whitefly against the different insecticides that are still in use. For this purpose, the whitefly population was selected with five concentrations of each insecticide, for five generations. At G1, compared with the laboratory susceptible population, a very low level of resistance was observed against bifenthrin, cypermethrin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, nitenpyram, chlorfenapyr, and buprofezin with a resistance ratio of 3-fold, 2-fold, 1-fold, 4-fold, 3-fold, 3-fold, 3-fold, and 3-fold, respectively. However, the selection for five generations increased the resistance to a very high level against buprofezin (127-fold), and to a high level against imidacloprid (86-fold) compared with the laboratory susceptible population. While, a moderate level of resistance was observed against cypermethrin (34-fold), thiamethoxam (34-fold), nitenpyram (30-fold), chlorfenapyr (29-fold), and acetamiprid (21-fold). On the other hand, the resistance was low against bifenthrin (18-fold) after selection for five generations. A very low level of resistance against the field population of B. tabaci, at G1, showed that these insecticides are still effective, and thus can be used under the field conditions for the management of B. tabaci. However, the proper rotation of insecticides among different groups can help to reduce the development of resistance against insecticides.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of triflumuron and pyriproxyfen as alternative candidates to control house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0249496 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. e0249496

Author(s):

Saad M. Alzahrani

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Musca Domestica ◽

Laboratory Strain ◽

Insect Growth Regulator ◽

House Fly ◽

House Flies ◽

Resistance Factors ◽

Control Programs ◽

Riyadh City ◽

Susceptibility And Resistance

This study was conducted to determine the susceptibility and resistance of some house fly strains of Musca domestica L. to the insect growth regulator insecticides triflumuron and pyriproxyfen in some locations in Riyadh city. Field-collected strains of M. domestica L. from five sites in Riyadh city that represented five slaughterhouse sites where flies spread significantly were tested against triflumuron and pyriproxyfen. Triflumuron LC50 values for the five collected strains ranged from 2.6 to 5.5 ppm, and the resistance factors (RFs) ranged from 13-fold to 27-fold that of the susceptible laboratory strain. Pyriproxyfen LC50 values for the field strains ranged from 0.9 to 1.8 ppm with RFs of 3-fold to 5-fold. These results indicate that pyriproxyfen is an effective insecticide to control house flies and should be used in rotation with other insecticides in the control programs applied by Riyadh municipality.

Download Full-text

PERANAN Musca domestica SEBAGAI VEKTOR MEKANIK TELUR INFEKTIF Ascaris lumbricoides

PENELITIAN DAN KARYA ILMIAH ◽

10.25105/pdk.v2i1.2454 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Suriyani Tan ◽

Machrumnizar Machrumnizar

Keyword(s):

Musca Domestica ◽

Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽

Light Microscope ◽

Breeding Site ◽

Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽

House Fly ◽

Animal Waste ◽

House Flies ◽

Fish Meat

Muscadomestica (house fly) is an insect that is considered useless by humans although they lived very close to humans. Breeding site of flies in human or animal waste, the rubbish, or unorganic objects that have decayed greatly support their role as mechanical vectors. More than 20 species of flies have been reported as an agent of gastrointestinal diseases. The purpose of this study is to examnine the role of houseflies as mechanical vectors Ascarislumbricoides’seggs.The research sample was 500 house flies (Muscadomestica) captured in the Legok area. Houseflies were trapped by fly trap containing rotten fish meat and then stored at a temperature of 4 degree celcius. The samples were divided into six groups according to the sampling areas, crushed and checked directly by using a light microscope. Ascarislumbricoides eggs are not found in all groups of samples. The study concluded that Muscadomestica is not a mechanical vector of infective eggs of Ascarislumbricoides in Tangerang City, Banten Province.

Download Full-text

Factors affecting resistance to insecticides in house-flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). IV. The population biology of flies on animal farms in south-eastern England and its implications for the management of resistance

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s000748530001422x ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 143-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

I. Denholm ◽

R. M. Sawicki ◽

A. W. Farnham

Keyword(s):

Gene Flow ◽

Musca Domestica ◽

Population Biology ◽

Marker Gene ◽

House Fly ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

House Flies ◽

Resistance Selection ◽

South Eastern ◽

Brown Body

AbstractWays in which the bionomics and dynamics of populations of Musca domestica L. can influence the development of insecticide resistance, and how resistance genes spread within and between farms was investigated in a three-year study of the biology and movement of flies on 63 pig-rearing farms in south-eastern England. House-flies survived winter only on 12 ‘overwintering’ farms where they bred in heated pig-rearing houses (‘closed buildings’) throughout the year. In late spring they appeared out doors, and their descendents founded populations on neighbouring ‘summer’ farms where pigs breed only in unheated (‘open’) buildings. There, flies reached peak numbers in August–September and died out by mid-November. Gene flow within and between farms was studied indirectly by mark-release-recapture of colour-marked adults, and directly by monitoring the diffusion of the visible marker gene bwb (brown body) introduced into indigenous house-fly populations. Although movement between open buildings within a farm was unrestricted, dispersal between farms was limited, and gene flow between even adjacent closed buildings was indirect, and required more than one generation. Likewise, indirect and gradual gene flow during summer probably accounted for the similarity in type and frequency of other independent genetic markers of local overwintering populations. Thus closed buildings played a key role in house-fly ecology and population genetics. Unfortunately, control with persistent insecticides in these buildings ensures efficient resistance selection, ultimately resulting in its spread to all pig farms. Less selective control practices are needed at these sites.

Download Full-text

Development of a Mycoinsecticide Bait Formulation for the Control of House Flies, Musca domestica L.

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects11010047 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 47 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dalton Baker ◽

Steven Rice ◽

Diana Leemon ◽

Rosamond Godwin ◽

Peter James

Keyword(s):

Musca Domestica ◽

Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽

Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽

Milk Powder ◽

Skim Milk ◽

Skim Milk Powder ◽

House Fly ◽

Chemical Insecticide ◽

House Flies ◽

Insecticide Spray

The control of house flies, Musca domestica (L.), currently relies on the use of chemical insecticide spray and bait formulations. Entomopathogenic fungi, such as Metarhizium anisopliae, may provide an alternative to these products. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a mycoinsecticide bait formulation containing a virulent M. anisopliae isolate. Five M. anisopliae isolates were screened against M. domestica and isolate M16 was selected for bait development. Bait formulations containing a variety of additives, including (Z)-9-tricosene, were tested for their ability to increase fly visitation. A bait formulation containing M. anisopliae and skim milk powder was found to have the highest house fly visitation and was subsequently compared to a conventional chemical bait in an efficacy assay. The chemical bait (0.5% imidacloprid) caused faster mortality than the mycoinsecticide bait, however, similar levels of mortality were achieved by 4–5 days’ post exposure. These results suggest that M. anisopliae mycoinsecticide baits may offer an alternative to conventional chemical insecticides for the control of house flies in suitable areas.

Download Full-text